tratados com Cefoperazone Rato Modelo de clinicamente relevante<em> Clostridium difficile</em> R20291 Strain
Summary
Este protocolo descreve o modelo do rato cefoperazona de infecção por Clostridium difficile (CDI), utilizando uma estirpe clinicamente relevante e geneticamente-tratável, R20291. Ênfase na monitorização clínica da doença, C. difficile enumeração bacteriana, a citotoxicidade de toxinas, e alterações histopatológicas em todo CDI em um modelo de rato estão detalhadas no protocolo.
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality and consequently poses an urgent threat to public health. Recurrence of a C. difficile infection (CDI) after successful treatment with antibiotics is high, occurring in 20-30% of patients, thus necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutics against this pathogen. Current animal models of CDI result in high mortality rates and thus do not approximate the chronic, insidious disease manifestations seen in humans with CDI. To evaluate therapeutics against C. difficile, a mouse model approximating human disease utilizing a clinically-relevant strain is needed. This protocol outlines the cefoperazone mouse model of CDI using a clinically-relevant and genetically-tractable strain, R20291. Techniques for clinical disease monitoring, C. difficile bacterial enumeration, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes throughout CDI in a mouse model are detailed in the protocol. Compared to other mouse models of CDI, this model is not uniformly lethal at the dose administered, allowing for the observation of a prolonged clinical course of infection concordant with the human disease. Therefore, this cefoperazone mouse model of CDI proves a valuable experimental platform to assess the effects of novel therapeutics on the amelioration of clinical disease and on the restoration of colonization resistance against C. difficile.
Introduction
Clostridium difficile é um anaeróbio,, bacilo formador de esporos gram-positivo que causa diarreia com risco de vida 1. Infecção por C. difficile (CDI) está associada com aumento da morbidade e mortalidade humana e resulta em mais de US $ 4,8 bilhões em custos de saúde por ano 1-4. Em 2013, os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças categorizados C. difficile como um risco de resistência a antibióticos urgente, indicando que ele representa uma ameaça urgente de saúde pública 1. Atualmente, o tratamento antibiótico com vancomicina e metronidazol são considerados o padrão de cuidado para CDI 5. Infelizmente, a recorrência de CDI após o sucesso do tratamento com antibióticos é elevada, ocorrendo em 20 – 30% dos pacientes 2,5-7. Portanto, a descoberta de novas terapias contra este agente patogénico entérico é necessário. Para avaliar terapêuticas contra a C. difficile, um modelo animal de uma aproximação da doença humana em ACestirpe linically relevante é necessária.
Inicialmente, os postulados de Koch foram estabelecidos para C. difficile em 1977 usando um modelo de hamster sírio tratados com clindamicina 8. Este modelo ainda é utilizado hoje para investigar os efeitos de toxinas C. difficile na patogênese 9,10. No entanto, CDI no modelo de hamster resulta em altas taxas de mortalidade e não harmoniza as manifestações de doenças crónicas insidiosas que pode ser visto em humanos com CDI 10,11. Com base na acessibilidade e reagente disponibilidade de plataformas de murino em pesquisa, um modelo de mouse CDI é relevante.
Em 2008, um modelo de ratinho robusta de CDI foi estabelecida tratando ratos com um cocktail de antibióticos em água potável (canamicina, a gentamicina, a colistina, metronidazol e a vancomicina) durante 3 dias, seguido de uma injecção intraperitoneal de 12 de clindamicina. Este ratos rendido suscetíveis a colite CDI e grave. Dependerdendo da dose de inoculo administrada, uma gama de sinais clínicos e letalidade pode ser observada usando este modelo. Desde essa altura, vários regimes de antibióticos que têm sido investigados alterar a microbiota intestinal murino, diminuindo a resistência à colonização ponto em que o C. difficile pode colonizar o tracto gastrointestinal (revisto em Best et al. E Lawley & Young) 13,14.
Mais recentemente, um amplo espectro de cefalosporina, cefoperazona, dada na água de beber durante 5 ou 10 dias reprodutível torna camundongos suscetíveis ao CDI 15. Uma vez que a administração de cefalosporinas de terceira geração estão associados com um risco aumentado de CDI em seres humanos, o uso do modelo de cefoperazona reflecte com mais precisão da doença 16 de ocorrência natural. Ratinhos susceptíveis a C. difficile tratados com cefoperazona foram desafiados com ambos os esporos de C. difficile e células vegetativas de uma variedade de estirpes que varia em clínicarelevância e virulência 17. Apesar de alguns dos estudos originais utilizando C. difficile células vegetativas como a forma infecciosa, esporos de C. difficile são considerados o principal modo de transmissão 18.
Na última década, C. difficile R20291, um NAP1 / BI / 027 tensão, surgiu, causando epidemias de CDI 19,20. Procurou-se determinar o curso clínico da doença quando os ratos tratados com cefoperazona foram desafiados com a estirpe de C. difficile clinicamente relevante e geneticamente-tratável, R20291. Este protocolo detalha o curso clínico, incluindo perda de peso, a colonização bacteriana, toxina da citotoxicidade, e alterações histopatológicas no tracto gastrointestinal dos ratinhos infectados com esporos de C. difficile R20291. Em geral, este modelo de rato revela-se uma plataforma experimental para o CDI aproximação doença humana. Este modelo de ratinho caracterizado pode assim ser utilizada para avaliar os efeitosde novas terapêuticas no melhoramento da doença clínica e no restabelecimento da colonização da resistência contra a C. difficile.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
This protocol characterizes the clinical course, including weight loss, bacterial colonization, toxin cytotoxicity, and histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, of antibiotic-treated mice challenged with C. difficile R20291 spores. There are several critical steps within the protocol where attention to detail is essential. Accurate calculation of the C. difficile spore inoculum is critical. This calculation is based on the original C. difficile spore stock enumeration, which sho…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Trevor Lawley at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute for C. difficile R20291 spores and James S. Guy at the North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine for Vero cells, both utilized in this manuscript. Animal histopathology was performed in the LCCC Animal Histopathology Core Facility at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, with special assistance from Traci Raley and Amanda Brown. The LCCC Animal Histopathology Core is supported in part by an NCI Center Core Support Grant (2P30CA016086-40) to the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center. We would also like to thank Vincent Young, Anna Seekatz, Jhansi Leslie, and Cassie Schumacher for helpful discussions on the Vero cell cytotoxicity assay protocol. JAW is funded by the Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award Research Training grant T32OD011130 by NIH. CMT is funded by the career development award in metabolomics grant K01GM109236 by the NIGMS of the NIH.
Materials
| #62 Perisept Sporidicial Disinfectant Cleaner | SSS Navigator | 48027 | This product will require dilution as recommended by the manufacturer |
| 0.22 μm filter | Fisherbrand | 09-720-3 | Alternative to filter plate for indivdiual samples tested in the Vero Cell Assay |
| 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA | Gibco | 25200-056 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use |
| 0.4% Trypan Blue | Gibco | 15250-061 | |
| 1% Peniciilin/Streptomycin | Gibco | 15070-063 | |
| 10% heat inactivated FBS | Gibco | 16140-071 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use |
| 1ml plastic syringe | BD Medical Supplies | 309628 | |
| 1X PBS | Gibco | 10010-023 | |
| 2 ml Micro Centrifuge Screw Cap | Corning | 430917 | |
| 96 well cell culture flat bottom plate | Costar Corning | CL3595 | |
| 96 well filter plate | Millipore | MSGVS2210 | |
| Adhesive Seal | ThermoScientific | AB-0558 | |
| Bacto Agar | Becton Dickinson | 214010 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Bacto Proteose Peptone | Becton Dickinson | 211684 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Cefoperazone | MP Bioworks | 199695 | |
| Cefoxitine | Sigma | C47856 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Clostridium difficile Antitoxin Kit | Tech Labs | T5000 | Used as control for Vero Cell Assay |
| Clostridium difficile Toxin A | List Biological Labs | 152C | Positive control for Vero Cell Assay |
| D-cycloserine | Sigma | C6880 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Distilled Water | Gibco | 15230 | |
| DMEM 1X Media | Gibco | 11965-092 | Needs to be heated in water bath at 37C prior to use |
| Fructose | Fisher | L95500 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Hemocytometer | Bright-Line, Sigma | Z359629 | |
| KH2PO4 | Fisher | P285-500 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| MgSO4 (anhydrous) | Sigma | M2643 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Millex-GS 0.22 μm filter | Millex-GS | SLGS033SS | Filter for TCCFA plates |
| Na2HPO4 | Sigma | S-0876 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| NaCl | Fisher | S640-3 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Number 10 disposable scalpel blade | Miltex, Inc | 4-410 | |
| PCR Plates | Fisherbrand | 14230244 | |
| Plastic petri dish | Kord-Valmark Brand | 2900 | |
| Sterile plastic L-shaped cell spreader | Fisherbrand | 14-665-230 | |
| Syringe Stepper | Dymax Corporation | T15469 | |
| Taurocholate | Sigma | T4009 | Part of TCCFA plates (see below) |
| Ultrapure distilled water | Invitrogen | 10977-015 | |
| C57BL/6J Mice | The Jackson Laboratory | 664 | Mice should be 5-8 weeks of age |
| Olympus BX43F light microscope | Olympus Life Science | ||
| DP27 camera | Olympus Life Science | ||
| cellSens Dimension software | Olympus Life Science |
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