Summary

通过免疫荧光简单检测原发性西莉亚

Published: May 15, 2020
doi:

Summary

原发性西莉亚是与中环相关的细胞外结构。通过免疫荧光染色进行初级西莉亚检测是一个相对简单的过程,可产生极高质量的图像。在该协议中,表达原发性西莉亚的成纤维细胞被固定、免疫化,并在荧光或共合显微镜中成像。

Abstract

原生性细胞在细胞周期进展期间动态调节,特别是在细胞周期的G0/G1阶段,在分粒之前被重新吸收。通过高度复杂的方法(包括传输电子显微镜、3D 成像或使用软件自动检测原发cilia)可以可视化原发cilia。然而,需要免疫荧光染色原发性西莉亚执行这些方法。本出版物描述了通过染色乙酰化α管状图布图林(axoneme)和伽马图布林(基础体)在体外轻松检测原发性西莉亚的协议。这种免疫荧光染色方案相对简单,可产生高质量的图像。本协议描述了表达原发性西莉亚的四个细胞系(C2C12、MEF、NHLF和皮肤成纤维细胞)如何固定、免疫,以及如何用荧光或共体显微镜成像。

Introduction

原发性胆汁是感觉,孤独,膜绑定,非mo动结构与细胞的母亲中心。除红血球、脂肪细胞1和肝细胞2外,大多数脊椎动物细胞都发现了原发性细胞。原发性西莉亚形成为由微管组成的拉长轴酮,其主要成分为β-管状素。斧头从基底体生长,基底体由+-tubulin组成。主西莉亚的长度在2~10μm之间变化;,然而,在糖化、饥饿、缺氧、细胞毒性应激或暴露于电离辐射3、4、5、6、7,4之后5,6其尺寸可能会发生变化。通常,细胞只有一个原发性,它涉及形态生成和细胞信号通路对细胞增殖和分化88,9至关重要

原发性cilia在细胞周期进展期间,特别是在G0/G1阶段,在与HDAC6(组蛋白去乙酰酶6)调解的细胞脱乙酰化相关过程中,在进入线粒体之前重新生长。原发性西莉亚吸收的确切时刻取决于细胞类型和直接参与这个过程的基因的表达,如极光A、Plk1、TcTex-111、12、13。11,12,13根据细胞类型,原发性cilia表达不同类型的受体、离子通道和有源信号通路。其中包括影响增殖和生存的最重要的信号受体、EGFR、PDGFR 和 FGFR。还包括一些可能影响一个或多个器官功能的信号通路,包括刺猪、诺奇和Wnt。 由于这些受体和信号通路,主要细胞也执行化学感觉功能。此功能允许原发性西莉亚检测诺奇、激素和生物活性物质(如血清素或生长激素)的特定配体。不同长度的原发性西莉亚所表现出的其他特定功能包括对温度、重力和渗透性14的变化的反应

原发cilia可以通过各种方法进行可视化,如实时可视化、传输电子显微镜、3D成像,或通过软件自动检测原发cilia5、15、16、17。5,15,16,17然而,这些方法是高度专业化和持续的研究需要基本,快速,简单的方法染色原发性西莉亚在研究的每个阶段。描述是一种简单而有用的方法,用于检测培养细胞中的原发性西莉亚。

Protocol

1. 文化媒体、解决方案和菜肴的准备 自动保存盖玻片(22 x 22 mm)。准备6个井板。解冻胎儿牛血清(FBS)和抗生素青霉素/链霉素,并加热培养中到室温(RT)。使用 trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)和1x PBS(磷酸盐缓冲盐水与钙和镁)通过细胞。 在 dH 2 O 中准备新鲜 4% 的甲状甲醛 (PFA)(20mL 的 dH2O 中为 800 毫克的 PFA)。PFA 必须为每个实验进行新鲜准备。在 55°C 下搅拌并加热溶…

Representative Results

原发性西莉亚的免疫荧光染色是一个相对简单的过程,可以产生高质量的图像。在这些实验中,表达原发性西莉亚的成纤维细胞按照上述协议在荧光或共合显微镜中固定、免疫和成像。使用乙酰β-图布林和β-图布林检测出原发性柠檬。原发性西莉亚的评价可以在不同级别上进行,这方面的任何变化都可以与电离辐射、细胞代谢(如饥饿)或化学处理(如细胞静电)5、18,<…

Discussion

几位,作者描述了检测原发性西莉亚的不同方法,有时也描述了可能影响其检测6、20、21、2220,21的各种固定方法6无论如何,很难找到一个完整而简单的检测协议。这种方法的可得性无疑对研究原发性西莉亚研究大有帮助,特别是在研究的早期阶段,或对测试所选细胞系中是否存在原发性西莉亚的迅?…

Declarações

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了捷克共和国国防部的支持 – 国防大学军事卫生科学系大规模毁灭性武器的长期组织发展计划医疗方面;捷克共和国教育、青年和体育部(具体研究项目号:SV/FVZ201703)和PROGRES Q40/06。也感谢丹尼尔·迪亚兹在英语修订方面提供的那种帮助。

Materials

6-well plate TPP 92406 Dimensions 128x86x22 mm
Alexa Fluor488 Jackson ImmunoResearch 111-546-047 AffiniPure F(ab')₂ Fragment Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG
Anti-Tubulin γ Sigma-Aldrich T5192 Polyclonal Rabbit anti-Mouse IgG2a
C2C12 ATCC CRL-1772 Myoblast (mouse)
Cy3 Sigma-Aldrich C2181 Anti-Mouse IgG (whole molecule) F(ab′)2 fragment–Cy3 antibody produced in sheep
Dapi (4′,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride) Sigma-Aldrich D9542
Dulbecco´s Modified Eagle´s medium Thermo Scientific 11960044 High glucose, No glutamine, Gibco
Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffered Saline Sigma-Aldrich D8662 With MgCl2 and CaCl2, Sterile-filtered, Suitable for cell culture
Fetal Bovine Serum Thermo Scientific 16000044 Sterile-Filtered, Gibco
L-Glutamine Sigma-Aldrich G7513
MEF ATCC SCRC-1039 Mouse embryonic fibroblast
Monoclonal Anti-Acetylated Tubulin Sigma-Aldrich T7451 Monoclonal Anti-Acetylated Tubulin antibody produced in mouse
NHLF Lonza CC-2512 Primary lung fibroblasts (human)
Normal Goat Serum Jackson ImmunoResearch 005-000-121
Paraformaldehyde Sigma-Aldrich 158127-500G Powder
Penicillin-Streptomycin Sigma-Aldrich P0781 10,000 units penicillin and 10 mg streptomycin per mL in 0.9% NaCl, Sterile-Filtered
ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant Thermo Scientific P36961
Skin fibroblasts Kindly gifted from Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové.
Square Cover Slips Thermo Scientific 22X22-1.5 Borosilicate glass, 22x22mm, Square
Triton X-100 Sigma-Aldrich 11332481001
Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%) Thermo Scientific 25200072 Sterile-Filtered, Gibco

Referências

  1. Alieva, I. B., Vorobjev, I. A. Vertebrate primary cilia: a sensory part of centrosomal complex in tissue cells, but a “sleeping beauty” in cultured cells. Cell Biology International. 28 (2), 139-150 (2004).
  2. Sloboda, R. . Primary cilia. , (2009).
  3. Sharma, N., Kosan, Z. A., Stallworth, J. E., Berbari, N. F., Yoder, B. K. Soluble levels of cytosolic tubulin regulate ciliary length control. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 22 (6), 806-816 (2011).
  4. Filipová, A., et al. Ionizing radiation increases primary cilia incidence and induces multiciliation in C2C12 myoblasts. Cell Biology International. 39 (8), 943-953 (2015).
  5. Filipová, A., et al. The toxic effect of cytostatics on primary cilia frequency and multiciliation. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 23 (8), 5728-5736 (2019).
  6. Gadadhar, S., et al. Tubulin glycylation controls primary cilia length. The Journal of Cell Biology. 216 (9), 2701-2713 (2017).
  7. Shamloo, K., et al. Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia Modulates Primary Cilia Differently in Adult and Fetal Ovine Kidneys. Frontiers in Physiology. 8, 677 (2017).
  8. Malone, A. M. D., et al. Primary cilia mediate mechanosensing in bone cells by a calcium-independent mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (33), 13325-13330 (2007).
  9. Luesma, M. J., et al. Enteric neurons show a primary cilium. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 17 (1), 147-153 (2013).
  10. Pugacheva, E. N., Jablonski, S. A., Hartman, T. R., Henske, E. P., Golemis, E. A. HEF1-dependent Aurora A activation induces disassembly of the primary cilium. Cell. 129 (7), 1351-1363 (2007).
  11. Li, A., et al. Ciliary transition zone activation of phosphorylated Tctex-1 controls ciliary resorption, S-phase entry and fate of neural progenitors. Nature Cell Biology. 13 (4), 402-411 (2011).
  12. Spalluto, C., Wilson, D. I., Hearn, T. Evidence for reciliation of RPE1 cells in late G1 phase, and ciliary localisation of cyclin B1. FEBS Open Bio. 3, 334-340 (2013).
  13. Malicki, J. J., Johnson, C. A. The Cilium: Cellular Antenna and Central Processing Unit. Trends in Cell Biology. 27 (2), 126-140 (2017).
  14. Morleo, M., Franco, B. The Autophagy-Cilia Axis: An Intricate Relationship. Cells. 8 (8), 905 (2019).
  15. Ott, C., Lippincott-Schwartz, J. Visualization of live primary cilia dynamics using fluorescence microscopy. Current Protocols in Cell Biology. , (2012).
  16. Sun, S., Fisher, R. L., Bowser, S. S., Pentecost, B. T., Sui, H. Three-dimensional architecture of epithelial primary cilia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (19), 9370-9379 (2019).
  17. Lauring, M. C., et al. New software for automated cilia detection in cells (ACDC). Cilia. 8 (1), 1 (2019).
  18. Conroy, P. C., et al. C-NAP1 and rootletin restrain DNA damage-induced centriole splitting and facilitate ciliogenesis. Cell Cycle. 11 (20), 3769-3778 (2012).
  19. Kim, J. H., et al. Genome-wide screen identifies novel machineries required for both ciliogenesis and cell cycle arrest upon serum starvation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1863 (6), 1307-1318 (2016).
  20. Yuan, K., et al. Primary cilia are decreased in breast cancer: analysis of a collection of human breast cancer cell lines and tissues. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 58 (10), 857-870 (2010).
  21. Smith, Q., et al. Differential HDAC6 Activity Modulates Ciliogenesis and Subsequent Mechanosensing of Endothelial Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Cell Reports. 24 (4), 895-908 (2018).
  22. Mirvis, M., Siemers, K. A., Nelson, W. J., Stearns, T. P. Primary cilium loss in mammalian cells occurs predominantly by whole-cilium shedding. PLOS Biology. 17 (7), 3000381 (2019).
  23. Hua, K., Ferland, R. J. Fixation methods can differentially affect ciliary protein immunolabeling. Cilia. 6 (1), 5 (2017).
  24. Lim, Y. C., McGlashan, S. R., Cooling, M. T., Long, D. S. Culture and detection of primary cilia in endothelial cell models. Cilia. 4, 11 (2015).
  25. DiDonato, D., Brasaemle, D. L. Fixation methods for the study of lipid droplets by immunofluorescence microscopy. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry: Official Journal of the Histochemistry Society. 51 (6), 773-780 (2003).
check_url/pt/61155?article_type=t

Play Video

Citar este artigo
Filipova, A., Diaz Garcia, D., Dvorak, J., Filip, S., Jelicova, M., Sinkorova, Z. Simple Detection of Primary Cilia by Immunofluorescence. J. Vis. Exp. (159), e61155, doi:10.3791/61155 (2020).

View Video