कृंतक मलेरिया परजीवियों की आनुवंशिक क्रॉस के उत्पादन के लिए प्रोटोकॉल

Summary

कृंतक मलेरिया परजीवी के जेनेटिक पार मच्छरों दो आनुवंशिक रूप से अलग परजीवी खिला द्वारा प्रदर्शन कर रहे हैं. पुनः संयोजक संतान माउस खून से मच्छरों को संक्रमित चूहों काटने की अनुमति के बाद क्लोन कर रहे हैं. इस वीडियो से पता चलता है कि किस तरह की आनुवंशिक पार उत्पादन के लिए<em> प्लाज्मोडियम yoelii</em> और अन्य कृंतक मलेरिया परजीवी के लिए लागू है.

Abstract

Variation in response to antimalarial drugs and in pathogenicity of malaria parasites is of biologic and medical importance. Linkage mapping has led to successful identification of genes or loci underlying various traits in malaria parasites of rodents^1-3 and humans^4-6. The malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii is one of many malaria species isolated from wild African rodents and has been adapted to grow in laboratories. This species reproduces many of the biologic characteristics of the human malaria parasites; genetic markers such as microsatellite and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers have also been developed for the parasite^7-9. Thus, genetic studies in rodent malaria parasites can be performed to complement research on Plasmodium falciparum. Here, we demonstrate the techniques for producing a genetic cross in P. yoelii that were first pioneered by Drs. David Walliker, Richard Carter, and colleagues at the University of Edinburgh¹⁰.

Genetic crosses in P. yoelii and other rodent malaria parasites are conducted by infecting mice Mus musculus with an inoculum containing gametocytes of two genetically distinct clones that differ in phenotypes of interest and by allowing mosquitoes to feed on the infected mice 4 days after infection. The presence of male and female gametocytes in the mouse blood is microscopically confirmed before feeding. Within 48 hrs after feeding, in the midgut of the mosquito, the haploid gametocytes differentiate into male and female gametes, fertilize, and form a diploid zygote (Fig. 1). During development of a zygote into an ookinete, meiosis appears to occur¹¹. If the zygote is derived through cross-fertilization between gametes of the two genetically distinct parasites, genetic exchanges (chromosomal reassortment and cross-overs between the non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes; Fig. 2) may occur, resulting in recombination of genetic material at homologous loci. Each zygote undergoes two successive nuclear divisions, leading to four haploid nuclei. An ookinete further develops into an oocyst. Once the oocyst matures, thousands of sporozoites (the progeny of the cross) are formed and released into mosquito hemoceal. Sporozoites are harvested from the salivary glands and injected into a new murine host, where pre-erythrocytic and erythrocytic stage development takes place. Erythrocytic forms are cloned and classified with regard to the characters distinguishing the parental lines prior to genetic linkage mapping. Control infections of individual parental clones are performed in the same way as the production of a genetic cross.

Protocol

सड़न रोकनेवाला तकनीक सभी सामग्री है कि पशुओं में administrated हो जाएगा exogenous संक्रामक एजेंटों के चूहों कि प्रयोगात्मक परिणामों उलझाना कर सकते हैं में अनजाने परिचय से बचने के लिए लागू किया जाना चाहिए. …

Discussion

हम कृंतक मलेरिया प्लाज्मोडियम yoelii, जो भी अन्य कृंतक malarias में आनुवंशिक पार के उत्पादन के लिए लागू है एक आनुवंशिक पार के उत्पादन के लिए तकनीकों को प्रदर्शित करता है. एकल माता पिता क्लोन के साथ चूहों के स?…

Materials

Material Name	Type	Company	Catalogue Number	Comment
Glyerolyte 57 solution		Cenmed	4A7833
Mouse Mus musculus		Charles River Laboratory		Female, inbred, strain Balb/C
Heat-inactivated calf serum		Invitrogen	26010-066
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution		Invitrogen	10010-072	pH 7.4; Cell Culture grade
Malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XNL(1.1)		MR4	MRA-593	deposited by DJ Carucci
Malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67		MR4	MRA-427	deposited by W Peters, BL Robinson, R Killick Kendrick
Mosquito Anopheles stephensi		MR4	MRA-128	deposited by MQ Benedict
Cellometer automatic cell counter		Nexcelom Biosciences	Cellometer Auto T4
Cellometer CP2 disposable hemacytometer		Nexcelom Biosciences	Cellometer CP2
High Pure PCR template preparation kit		Roche Applied Science	11 796 828 001
Calcium chloride		Sigma-Aldrich	C5670	Cell culture tested; insect cell culture tested
Giemsa stain, modified		Sigma-Aldrich	GS500
Ketamine hydrochloride		Fort Dodge Animal Health	NDC 0856-2013-01	Pharmaceutical grade; concentration to 100 mg/mL
Potassium chloride		Sigma-Aldrich	P5405	Cell culture tested; insect cell culture tested
Sodium chloride		Sigma-Aldrich	S5886	Cell culture tested; insect cell culture tested
Trisodium citrate dihydrate		Sigma-Aldrich	S4641
Xylazine		Akorn Inc.	4811-20ml	Pharmaceutical grade; concentration to 20 mg/mL
Glass wool		VWR	32848-003
Glass capillary (1 μL)		VWR	53440-001
Hemocytometer		VWR	15170-168	Complete chamber set
Homogenizer		VWR	KT749520-0090	Pestle with matching tube, 1.5 mL

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS:

• Maintenance of laboratory mice
• Maintenance of laboratory mosquitoes
• Microscopic examination of thin blood smears stained with Giemsa stain
• Measurement of red blood cell density

Maintenance of laboratory mice

Females of inbred laboratory mouse strain BALB/c, aged 5 to 8 weeks old, are used in the study. Mice are housed in a standard solid-bottom polycarbonate cage with wire-bar lid, equipped with feeder and a water bottle. Mice are maintained at a constant temperature (25 ± 1°C) on 12:12 hour light:dark cycle. Mice are allowed to feed on 2018S Harlan Teklad Global 19% protein extruded rodent diet (sterilizable; from Harlan-Teklad) and supplied with acidified drinking water ad libitum. Experiments on animals are performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations set forth by the Animal Care and Use Committee at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease under protocol LMVR11E (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland).

Maintenance of laboratory mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are from a laboratory-bred colony of Anopheles stephensi. The adults are maintained in nylon cages kept in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room (23 to 25°C for Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi, and 19 to 21°C for Plasmodium berghei; 80 to 95% humidity; on 12:12 hours light:dark cycle). Adult mosquitoes are fed with 10% glucose and 2.00% para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) supplemented water solution. To obtain high-quality adults, 500 larvae are grown in a low-density condition in 1 L of distilled water in a 1,000-cm³ open dish supplied with approximately 1 mg of sodium bicarbonate. After hatching, the larvae are given tetramin powder (PETCO) until they develop into the pupa stage and are transferred to the adult mosquito cages for emerging.

Microscopic examination of thin blood smears stained with Giemsa stain

Using clean scissors snip off the tip (1.0 mm) of the infected mouse’s tail. Place one drop (0.5-1.0 μL) of tail blood onto a clean specimen slide. Mouse will stop bleeding in 1-2 min. Place a clean spreader slide on top of the blood drop, maintaining it at a 45° angle relative to the specimen slide, and allow the blood to adsorb to the entire width of the spreader. Hold the specimen slide and push forward the spreader slide rapidly and smoothly to produce a thin smear. Let the blood film dry, and then immerse the slides in absolute methanol. Allow the slide to air dry once more before covering it with Giemsa stain (10% Giemsa dye in distilled water). After incubating the thin blood films for 10-15 min at room temperature, carefully rinse the slides with tap water and let it air dry. Examine the number of infected red blood cells (iRBC; see Figure 3 for morphology of infected RBC) under a light microscope with immersion oil at 1000x magnification (with 100x objective lens) and calculate parasitemia (the number of iRBC per 100 RBC counted). Different strains of malaria parasites vary in growth rate and pathogenicity. Monitoring of blood stage parasitaemias can be performed 24hrs after injections, depending on the dose of the blood stage malaria parasites. For example, mice will be microscopically positive 24 hrs when injected with 10⁷ infected RBC intraperitoneally or 10⁶ infected RBC intravenously.

Measurement of red blood cell density

Like the levels of parasitaemias, red blood cell (RBC) density in infected mice varies throughout the course of infection. RBC density should be measured within 1-2 hrs before the start of the single- and mixed-clone infection and the cloning experiments. There are two methods for measurement of RBC density: a manual counting using Neubauer hemocytometer and an automatic counting using a Cellometer (Nexcelom Bioscience). In both methods, withdraw 1 μL of mouse tail blood using a glass capillary (VWR) and dilute in 10 mL of PBS and mix well. To use a Neubauer hemocytometer, load 20 μL of the suspension onto the hemacytometer. Place the hemacytometer on a light microscope with 10x objective lens. The hemacytometer contains a grid divided into 9 large squares, and 4 large squares at the corner are further divided into 16 small squares. Count the total number of cells in each of the 16 small squares in the four corner squares. To avoid counting bias or counting cells that overlap a grid line, count a cell as “in” if it overlaps the top or right lines and “out” if it overlaps the bottom or left lines. Estimate the number of cells per one small square and divide by 0.00625 (the volume of one small square is 6.25 nL). This yields the number of cells per microliter (μL). From this data, calculate the final red blood cell density by multiplying with 10,000 (a dilution factor). Rinse the cover slip and counting chamber with distilled water and 70% ethanol; air dry. Alternatively, load 20 μL of the suspension onto a Cellometer counting chamber slide. Insert the slide into a Cellometer slide chamber (the reader). Start the Cellometer software, select the “red blood cell” option, and enter a dilution factor of 10,000. Record the RBC density.