Bioorthogonal क्लिक करें रसायन विज्ञान के माध्यम से वायरल सतहों की chemoselective संशोधन
Summary
Adenovirus कणों या तो अप्राकृतिक एमिनो एसिड अनुरूप azidohomoalanine या azido चीनी शामिल करने के लिए इंजीनियर हैं<em> हे</emसे – GlcNAz. "पर क्लिक करें" वायरल सतह संशोधन के एक साधन के रूप में रसायन शास्त्र प्रतिक्रियाओं के माध्यम से प्रत्येक के azide समूह chemoselectively से ligated है.
Abstract
The modification of virus particles has received a significant amount of attention for its tremendous potential for impacting gene therapy, oncolytic applications and vaccine development.1,2,3 Current approaches to modifying viral surfaces, which are mostly genetics-based, often suffer from attenuation of virus production, infectivity and cellular transduction.4,5 Using chemoselective click chemistry, we have developed a straightforward alternative approach which sidesteps these issues while remaining both highly flexible and accessible.1,2
The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using bioorthogonal click chemistry to modify the surface of adenovirus type 5 particles. This two-step process can be used both therapeutically1 or analytically,2,6 as it allows for chemoselective ligation of targeting molecules, dyes or other molecules of interest onto proteins pre-labeled with azide tags. The three major advantages of this method are that (1) metabolic labeling demonstrates little to no impact on viral fitness,1,7 (2) a wide array of effector ligands can be utilized, and (3) it is remarkably fast, reliable and easy to access.1,2,7
In the first step of this procedure, adenovirus particles are produced bearing either azidohomoalanine (Aha, a methionine surrogate) or the unnatural sugar O-linked N-azidoacetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAz), both of which contain the azide (-N3) functional group. After purification of the azide-modified virus particles, an alkyne probe containing the fluorescent TAMRA moiety is ligated in a chemoselective manner to the pre-labeled proteins or glycoproteins. Finally, an SDS-PAGE analysis is performed to demonstrate the successful ligation of the probe onto the viral capsid proteins. Aha incorporation is shown to label all viral capsid proteins (Hexon, Penton and Fiber), while O-GlcNAz incorporation results in labeling of Fiber only.
In this evolving field, multiple methods for azide-alkyne ligation have been successfully developed; however only the two we have found to be most convenient are demonstrated herein – strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) and copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) under deoxygenated atmosphere.
Protocol
Discussion
chemoselective और bioorthogonal azides की उन सहित क्लिक प्रतिक्रियाओं, के विकास अनुसंधान का एक तेजी से विकसित क्षेत्र है, और बाद में इन प्रतिक्रियाओं के एक बढ़ती संख्या से bioconjugation अनुप्रयोगों के लिए चुनाव है. हम इस प्रोटोकॉल क?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
हम धन के लिए NSF के (CBET 0,846,259) स्वीकार करना चाहते हैं.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number |
| Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) containing a GFP transgene | BCBC | 391 |
| Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK 293) cells | ATCC | CRL-1573 |
| Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), High Glucose | Invitrogen | 11965-092 |
| Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, no Methionine, no Cysteine (DMEM -Met / -Cys), High Glucose | Invitrogen | 21013-024 |
| Bovine Calf Serum | Invitrogen | 16170-078 |
| Penicillin – Streptomycin 100× Solution (Pen Strep) | Invitrogen | 15140-122 |
| 0.5% Trypsin-EDTA (10×) | Invitrogen | 15400-054 |
| 100 mm Cell Culture Dish, tissue-culture treated polystyrene | BD Falcon | 353003 |
| Cell culture CO2 incubator | ||
| Hemocytometer | ||
| Biosafety cabinet | ||
| Sterile syringe filter (0.2 μm, cellulose acetate) | VWR | 28145-477 (NA), 514-0061 (Europe) |
| Avanti J-E centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | 369001 |
| Conical tubes (50 ml, sterile) | BD Falcon | 352098 |
| Tube, Thinwall, Ultra-Clear, 13.2 ml, 14 x 89 mm | Beckman | 344059 |
| Ultracentrifuge equipped with an SW 41 and SW 60 rotor | Beckman | |
| Eppendorf Biopur Safe-Lock Tubes, 1.5 ml | Eppendorf | 0030 121.589 |
| Centrifuge 5418 | Eppendorf | 5418 |
| Centri-Sep gel filtration spin columns | Princeton Separations | CS-901 |
| Sterile needle, 18 gauge | ||
| Nitrogen glove bag (if deoxygenated CuAAC is to be performed) | ||
| Dewar flask | ||
| Liquid nitrogen | ||
| Electrophoresis cell | ||
| Fluorescent gel scanner | ||
| Ready Gel Tris-HCl Gel | Bio-Rad | 161-1105 |
| L-Azidohomoalanine | AnaSpec | 63669 |
| Jena Biosciences | CLK-AA005 | |
| Peracetylated N-azidoacetylgalactosamine (Ac4GalNAz) | Invitrogen | C33365 |
| Thermo Scientific | 88905 | |
| Sigma-Aldrich | A7480 | |
| Bathophenanthroline disulfonic acid (BDA) disodium salt | MP Biomedicals | 0215011201 |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) | ||
| Methanol | ||
| Tris base (tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane) | ||
| Disodium Phosphate (Na2HPO4) | ||
| Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | ||
| 1M HCl | ||
| Glycerol | ||
| Bovine Serum Albumin | ||
| L-cysteine | ||
| L-methionine | ||
| SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) | ||
| 2-mercaptoethanol | ||
| Glycine | ||
| Bromophenol blue | ||
| Cesium Chloride (CsCl) | ||
| Copper(I) Bromide (CuBr) | ||
| Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) | ||
| Potassium Chloride (KCl) | ||
| Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) | ||
| Sodium Chloride (NaCl) | ||
| Alkyne probe for CuAAC* | ||
| TAMRA Alkyne | Invitrogen | T10183 |
| Strained alkyne probe for SPAAC* | ||
| TAMRA DIBO Alkyne | Invitrogen | C10410 |
* Notable vendors of click chemistry reagents and kits include Invitrogen, Jena Biosciences, Berry Associates, Sigma-Aldrich, Glen Research, Click Chemistry Tools, and Baseclick. A variety of alkyne dyes and targeting ligands can be found in these vendors’ catalogs.
References
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