प्रतिदीप्ति माइक्रोस्कोपी द्वारा कई पीढ़ियों पर लाइव स्तनधारी कोशिकाओं में प्लास्मिड प्रतिकृति की निगरानी
Summary
व्यक्ति जीवित कोशिकाओं में डीएनए अणु की नमाज़ की एक विधि का वर्णन है. तकनीक fluorescently टैग लाख repressor बाध्यकारी हित के डीएनए में इंजीनियर साइटों के लिए प्रोटीन के बंधन पर आधारित है. इस विधि के लिए समय के साथ जीवित कोशिकाओं में कई रीकॉम्बीनैंट DNAs का पालन करने के लिए अनुकूलित किया जा सकता है.
Abstract
Few naturally-occurring plasmids are maintained in mammalian cells. Among these are genomes of gamma-herpesviruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which cause multiple human malignancies 1-3. These two genomes are replicated in a licensed manner, each using a single viral protein and cellular replication machinery, and are passed to daughter cells during cell division despite their lacking traditional centromeres 4-8.
Much work has been done to characterize the replications of these plasmid genomes using methods such as Southern blotting and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). These methods are limited, though. Quantitative PCR and Southern blots provide information about the average number of plasmids per cell in a population of cells. FISH is a single-cell assay that reveals both the average number and the distribution of plasmids per cell in the population of cells but is static, allowing no information about the parent or progeny of the examined cell.
Here, we describe a method for visualizing plasmids in live cells. This method is based on the binding of a fluorescently tagged lactose repressor protein to multiple sites in the plasmid of interest 9. The DNA of interest is engineered to include approximately 250 tandem repeats of the lactose operator (LacO) sequence. LacO is specifically bound by the lactose repressor protein (LacI), which can be fused to a fluorescent protein. The fusion protein can either be expressed from the engineered plasmid or introduced by a retroviral vector. In this way, the DNA molecules are fluorescently tagged and therefore become visible via fluorescence microscopy. The fusion protein is blocked from binding the plasmid DNA by culturing cells in the presence of IPTG until the plasmids are ready to be viewed.
This system allows the plasmids to be monitored in living cells through several generations, revealing properties of their synthesis and partitioning to daughter cells. Ideal cells are adherent, easily transfected, and have large nuclei. This technique has been used to determine that 84% of EBV-derived plasmids are synthesized each generation and 88% of the newly synthesized plasmids partition faithfully to daughter cells in HeLa cells. Pairs of these EBV plasmids were seen to be tethered to or associated with sister chromatids after their synthesis in S-phase until they were seen to separate as the sister chromatids separated in Anaphase10. The method is currently being used to study replication of KSHV genomes in HeLa cells and SLK cells. HeLa cells are immortalized human epithelial cells, and SLK cells are immortalized human endothelial cells. Though SLK cells were originally derived from a KSHV lesion, neither the HeLa nor SLK cell line naturally harbors KSHV genomes11. In addition to studying viral replication, this visualization technique can be used to investigate the effects of the addition, removal, or mutation of various DNA sequence elements on synthesis, localization, and partitioning of other recombinant plasmid DNAs.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
यहाँ वर्णित विधि कई पीढ़ियों फैले समय पर जीवित स्तनधारी कोशिकाओं में plasmids का पालन करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है. उत्तेजना प्रकाश करने के लिए जोखिम को सीमित करके, हम इन तकनीकों का इस्तेमाल किया है 16…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
इस काम NIH और ACS, T32CA009135 सहित, CA133027, CA070723, और CA022443 से अनुदान द्वारा वित्त पोषित किया गया था. विधेयक सागडेन एक अमेरिकन कैंसर सोसायटी रिसर्च प्रोफेसर है.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| DMEM | GIBCO | 11965 | |
| OptiMEM | GIBCO | 31985 | |
| Fetal bovine serum | Hyclone | SH30910.03 | |
| Penicillin | Sigma | P3032 | |
| Streptomycin sulfate | Sigma | S9137 | |
| Hygromycin | Calbiochem | 400050 | 400 μg/ml for SLK; 300 μg/ml for HeLa |
| Isopropyl-b-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) | Roche | 10 724 815 001 | Final concentration 200 μg/ml |
| Lipofectamine 2000 | Invitrogen | 11668-027 | |
| HEPES | GIBCO | 15630 | |
| Glass-bottom dishes | MatTek | P35G-1.5-10-C | |
| CultFoil | Pecon | 000000-1116-08 | |
| Axiovert 200M | Zeiss | ||
| Colibri | Zeiss | 423052-9500-000 | |
| Neutral white LED | Zeiss | 423052-9120-000 | |
| Filter Cube 75 HE | Zeiss | 489075-0000-000 | |
| Plan-Apochromat 63x/1.4 objective | Zeiss | 440762-9904-000 | |
| CascadeII:1024 EMCCD camera | Photometrics | B10C892007 | |
| Tempcontrol mini | Zeiss/Pecon | 000000-1116-070 | |
| Tempcontrol 37-2 digital | Zeiss/Pecon | 000000-1052-320 | |
| CTI Controller 3700 digital | Zeiss/Pecon | 411856-9903 | |
| Objective heater | Zeiss/Pecon | 440760-0000-000 | |
| Stage heating insert P | Zeiss/Pecon | 411861-9901-000 | |
| Stage-top Incubator S | Zeiss/Pecon | 411860-9902-000 | |
| Humidifier System | Zeiss/Pecon | 000000-1116-065 |
References
- Cesarman, E., Chang, Y., Moore, P. S., Said, J. W., Knowles, D. M. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1186-1191 (1995).
- Chang, Y., et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science. 266, 1865-1869 (1994).
- Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M., Griffin, D. E., Lamb, R. A., Martin, M. A. . Fields Virology 2 volume set. , (2006).
- Adams, A. Replication of latent Epstein-Barr virus genomes in Raji cells. J. Virol. 61, 1743-1746 (1987).
- Humme, S., et al. The EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enhances B cell immortalization several thousandfold. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 10989-10994 (1073).
- Verma, S. C., Choudhuri, T., Robertson, E. S. The minimal replicator element of the Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus terminal repeat supports replication in a semiconservative and cell-cycle-dependent manner. J. Virol. 81, 3402-3413 (2007).
- Yates, J. L., Guan, N. Epstein-Barr virus-derived plasmids replicate only once per cell cycle and are not amplified after entry into cells. J. Virol. 65, 483-488 (1991).
- Ye, F. C., et al. Disruption of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent nuclear antigen leads to abortive episome persistence. J. Virol. 78, 11121-11129 (2004).
- Robinett, C. C., et al. In vivo localization of DNA sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition. J. Cell Biol. 135, 1685-1700 (1996).
- Nanbo, A., Sugden, A., Sugden, B. The coupling of synthesis and partitioning of EBV’s plasmid replicon is revealed in live cells. Embo. J. 26, 4252-4262 (2007).
- Herndier, B. G., et al. Characterization of a human Kaposi’s sarcoma cell line that induces angiogenic tumors in animals. Aids. 8, 575-581 (1994).
- Zhou, F. C., et al. Efficient infection by a recombinant Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cloned in a bacterial artificial chromosome: application for genetic analysis. J. Virol. 76, 6185-6196 (2002).
- Shaner, N. C., et al. Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1567-1572 (2004).
- Pawley, J. B., Pawley, J. B. Points, pixels, and gray levels: digitizing image data. Handbook of Biological Confocal Microscopy. , 59-79 (2006).
- Cannell, M. B., McMorland, A., Soeller, C., Pawley, J. B. Image enhancement by deconvolution. Handbook of biological confocal microscopy. , 488-500 (2006).
