FtsZ Polymerisering Analyser: Enkle protokoller og betraktninger

Summary

Polymerization of FtsZ is essential for bacterial cell division. In this report, we detail simple protocols to monitor FtsZ polymerization activity and discuss the influence of buffer composition. The protocols can be used to study the interaction of FtsZ with regulatory proteins or antibacterial drugs that affect FtsZ polymerization.

Abstract

I løpet av bakteriell celledeling, samler det vesentlige protein FtsZ i midten av cellen for å danne den såkalte Z-ring. FtsZ polymeriserer i lange filamenter i nærvær av GTP in vitro, og polymeriseringen reguleres av flere aksessoriske proteiner. FtsZ polymerisasjon har blitt grundig studert in vitro ved hjelp av grunnleggende metoder inkludert lysspredning, sedimentering, GTP hydrolyse analyser og elektronmikroskopi. Buffer forholdene påvirker både polymerisasjonsproduktene egenskaper FtsZ, og evnen til FtsZ å samhandle med regulatoriske proteiner. Her beskriver vi protokoller for FtsZ polymeriseringsbetingelser studier og validere forhold og kontroller ved hjelp av Escherichia coli og Bacillus subtilis FtsZ som modell proteiner. En lav hastighet sedimente analysen er innført som gjør studiet av samspillet FtsZ med proteiner som bunter eller tubulate FtsZ polymerer. En forbedret GTPase analyseprotokollen er beskrevet som tillater testingGTP hydrolyse over tid ved bruk av ulike forhold i en 96-brønn plate-oppsett, med standardiserte inkubasjonstider som avskaffe variasjon i fargeutvikling i fosfat deteksjon reaksjonen. Fremstilling av prøver for lysspredning studier og elektronmikroskopi, er beskrevet. Flere buffere blir benyttet for å etablere passende buffer pH og saltkonsentrasjon for FtsZ polymeri-studier. En høy konsentrasjon av KCl er de beste for de fleste eksperimenter. Våre metoder gir et utgangspunkt for den in vitro karakterisering av FtsZ, ikke bare fra E. coli-og B. subtilis, men fra en annen bakterie. Dermed kan fremgangsmåtene anvendes for studier av interaksjonen mellom FtsZ med regulatoriske proteiner eller testing av antibakterielle midler som kan påvirke FtsZ polymerisasjon.

Introduction

Den essensielle bakterielle protein FtsZ er best karakterisert proteinet av den bakterielle celledelingen maskineri. FtsZ er den prokaryote homolog av tubulin og polymeriserer in vitro i en GTP avhengig måte. FtsZ er et svært attraktivt mål for nye antibiotika på grunn av sin bevart natur og egenart til bakterier ^1,2. Ved begynnelsen av celledeling, danner FtsZ en cytokinetic ring ved midcell, som tjener som et stillas for montering av andre celledeling proteiner. Dannelse av den Z-ringen er viktig for korrekt lokalisering av divisjonen planet. Monterings dynamikken i FtsZ er regulert av flere tilbehørs proteiner, slik som (avhengig av bakteriearter) Minc, SepF, Zapa, UgtP, og Ezra ^to. FtsZ polymerisasjon har blitt nøye studert in vitro og mange forskjellige strukturer, inkludert rette protofilaments, buede protofilaments, ark med filamenter, bunter av filamenter og rør av filamenter har vært desbert avhengig av sammenstillingen buffer, nukleotid, og ytterligere proteiner som er inkludert i analysen, ^3.. Arkitekturen i FtsZ protofilaments in vivo er ennå ikke fullt ut forstått, selv om elektron cryotomography eksperimenter i Caulobacter crescentus tyder på at Z-ring er satt sammen av relativt korte, ikke-kontinuerlig enkelt protofilaments uten omfattende bunting ^fire.

In vitro, de polymeri-egenskaper FtsZ og interaksjonen mellom FtsZ med regulatoriske proteiner er følsomme for sammensetningen av reaksjonsbufferen. For eksempel, vi nylig beskrevet samspillet stedet for SepF på FtsZ C-terminalen og viste at en FtsZ _B Δ16 C-terminal avkorte ikke lenger binder seg til SepF ^fem. I en tidligere studie på SepF-FtsZ _Bs interaksjon, avkorte en lignende FtsZ _B Δ16 fortsatt cosedimented med SepF, som antydet at SepF binder seg til et sekundært område på FtsZ <sup> 6. Forskjellen mellom disse studiene var sammensetningen av reaksjons-buffere ved pH 7,5 var det ingen cosedimentation av SepF med FtsZ truncate, mens ved pH 6,5 ble det cosedimentation. Gündoğdu et al. bemerkes at SepF ikke er funksjonell og utfelles ved pH 6,5 ^7, som viser at den observerte cosedimentation ved pH 6,5 er sannsynligvis å være forårsaket av utfelling av SepF fremfor interaksjon med FtsZ _B Δ16 C-terminale truncate. Innflytelsen av pH-og KCl-konsentrasjon på polymerisasjonen av FtsZ tidligere har vært undersøkt. Polymerer av E. coli FtsZ (FtsZ _EF) ved pH 6,5 er lengre og rikere enn de som dannes ved nøytral pH ^8,9. Tadros et al. har studert polymerisasjon av FtsZ _Ec i nærvær av monovalente kationer merke seg at K ⁺ binding er knyttet til FtsZ _Ec polymerisasjon og er avgjørende for FtsZ aktivitet ^10. PH-verdien er mer critical ved interaksjonen av FtsZ med andre proteiner er studert, som vist ved den foregående eksempel på SepF, og pH-avhengighet av den hemmende effekten av MiNC on FtsZ ^11.. Som både pH og saltkonsentrasjon kan påvirke samspillet av FtsZ med andre proteiner, er det viktig å velge de rette forholdene og kontroller for de FtsZ polymerisasjonsforsøk studier.

Her beskriver vi protokoller for å studere FtsZ polymerisasjon og GTPase aktivitet ved lysspredning, elektronmikroskopi, sedimentering, og GTPase analyser. Rettvinklet lysspredning er en standardmetode for å studere FtsZ polymerisasjon i sanntid ^12.. Vi har innført en del forbedringer i sedimentering og GTPase assay. Vi presenterer i detalj hvordan å forberede prøvene for lysspredning, og elektronmikroskopi. Mange buffere som brukes i litteraturen for å studere FtsZ polymerisasjonen ble testet, og vi beskriver de beste betingelser for hvert forsøk. Vi viser også som styrer bør væreintrodusert for å oppnå de beste dataene.

Disse fremgangsmåter tillater en rask undersøkelse av FtsZ polymerisasjon, aktivitet og interaksjon med andre proteiner ved hjelp av enkle metoder og utstyr som er tilgjengelig i de fleste laboratorier. Mer sofistikerte metoder for å studere FtsZ polymerisasjon eksisterer, men krever ofte tilgang til mer spesialisert utstyr, og / eller modifisering av FtsZ med fluorescerende etiketter ^8,13,14. De enkle metodene som beskrives i denne artikkelen er illustrert ved hjelp FtsZ fra B. subtilis og E. coli, den mest vanlige Gram + og Gram-modellorganismer. Protokollene kan tilpasses til en hvilken som helst annen FtsZ protein. Basert på foreløpige analyser med disse romanen FtsZs, små endringer vedrørende tid, buffer eller Inkubasjonstemperaturen kan være nødvendig for et optimalt resultat. Forsøkene som er beskrevet her bør hjelpe til å finne disse optimale betingelser.

Protocol

Untagged FtsZ proteins were purified as described earlier11,15, dialyzed against 20 mM Tris/ HCl (pH 7.9), 50 mM KCl, 1 mM EGTA, 2.5 mM MgAc and 10% glycerol and stored at -80 °C. Under those conditions the protein may be stored for over 2 years without significant loss of activity. The protein should be stored in 100 µl aliquots to avoid thawing and freezing the sample. After thawing, the sample can be kept at 4 °C for maximum one week. FtsZ is soluble at high concentrations and may be stored at 7-10 mg/ml. It is important to keep the protein concentration high to avoid unwanted effects of storage buffer components in later experiments. Thus, storage concentration should allow for a dilution of FtsZ of at least 10x to bring glycerol concentration below 1% and to minimize the concentration of the other components of the dialysis buffer in the reaction mix. FtsZ polymerization may also be affected by the presence of high sodium9 or imidazole concentrations thus these components must be removed from the polymerization buffer. SepF was purified as described7 and stored in elution buffer at -80 °C. Alternative published procedures for purification of FtsZ from E. coli and B. subtilis as well as references to the procedures for purification of FtsZ from different sources are summarized in Table 1 (see representative results section). 1. Sample Preparation Prepare polymerization buffers: 1 50 mM Hepes/ NaOH, pH 7.5 2 25 mM PIPES/ NaOH, pH 6.8 3 50 mM MES/ NaOH, pH 6.5 4 50 mM Hepes/ NaOH, pH 7.5; 50 mM KCl 5 25 mM PIPES/ NaOH, pH 6.8; 50 mM KCl 6 50 mM MES/ NaOH, pH 6.5; 50 mM KCl 7 50 mM Hepes/ NaOH, pH 7.5; 300 mM KCl 8 25 mM PIPES/ NaOH, pH 6.8; 300 mM KCl 9 50 mM MES/ NaOH, pH 6.5; 300 mM KCl Filter sterilize all buffers using a 22 µm membrane filter. Prepare 100 mM GTP, GDP and MgCl2 stock solutions in each polymerization buffer from (1). Preclear the proteins by spinning at 100,000 x g for 20 min at 4 °C for all of the experiments. 2. FtsZ Sedimentation Assay Prepare the reaction mix by addition of MgCl2 and FtsZ to one of the polymerization buffers (see sample preparation point 1) in tubes compatible with high-speed centrifugation. Total volume should be 49 µl, with MgCl2 at 10 mM and FtsZ at 12 µM at 50 µl final volume. Place the tube in an incubator with shaking function, incubate for 2 min at 30 °C at 300 rpm (alternatively the sample may be gently flicked and briefly microfuged followed by prewarming at 30 °C). Start polymerization by adding 1 µl of GTP or GDP stock solution in the same buffer as used in the experiment (final concentration of 2 mM). Incubate for 10 or 2 min (for buffers with 50 mM KCl and 300 mM KCl, respectively) at 30 °C at 300 rpm (or in an incubator with shaking function). Transfer the tubes to an ultracentrifuge rotor and spin down for 10 min at 350,000 x g (89,700 rpm for TLA 120.1 rotor) at 25 °C. After spinning, carefully remove the tubes from the rotor and immediately transfer the supernatant into a clean tube. Prepare samples for SDS-PAGE by adding 20 µl of supernatant to 20 µl of 2x sample buffer. Boil for 10 min at 98 °C. Add 50 µl of 2x sample buffer to the pellet fraction containing FtsZ polymers. Place the ultracentrifuge tube in a 2 ml tube. Resuspend the pellet by boiling for 10 min at 98 °C, then add 50 µl of demineralized H2O to make the sample the same 2x dilution as the supernatant sample. Turn the ultracentrifuge tube upside down in the 2 ml tube and spin down for 5 minutes in an Eppendorf centrifuge at 18,000 x g. Remove the ultracentrifuge tube from the 2 ml tube. Load 10 µl of each supernatant and pellet sample side by side on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. Run the gel at 150 V. Stain the gel with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 and keep for quantification. 3. FtsZ Sedimentation Assay at Slow Spin Prepare polymerization solution as in step 2, add SepF and/or FtsZ (final concentration 12 µM). These experiments can be performed in Beckman disposable 1.5 ml tubes in combination with a TLA-55 rotor. Place the tube in an incubator with shaking function and incubate for 2 min at 30 °C at 300 rpm. Start polymerization by the adding 1 µl of GTP or GDP from a stock solution (final concentration 2 mM), incubate for 20 min at 30 °C at 300 rpm. Spin down for 15 min at 24,600 x g (20,000 rpm for TLA 55 rotor) at 25 °C. Remove the supernatant and transfer into a clean tube, take 20 µl and transfer into 20 µl of 2x sample buffer. Boil for 10 min at 98 °C. Add 50 µl of 2x sample buffer to pellet fraction containing polymers and resuspend by boiling for 10 min at 98 °C, add 50 µl of demineralized H2O. Load 10 µl of each supernatant and pellet sample side by side on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. Run the gel at 150 V. Stain the gel with Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 and keep for quantification. 4. Quantification of the FtsZ Sedimentation Assays Take a picture of the Coomassie stained gel using a gel documentation system (e.g. LAS-4000, Fujifilm). Open the gel image in a program suitable for densitometric analysis of gels (e.g. AIDA image analyzer program (Raytest)) and describe analysis in this program below. Click the "Evaluation" button in the toolbar. Select the "2D Densitometry" from the list and click ok. On the main menu, click "Evaluation" and choose the "Region Determination" entry. To create a region on the gel, click on the symbol of Auto-contour tool in the Region Determination toolbox. Click at the upper left corner of the protein band on the gel, hold down the mouse button and drag it to the desired lower right end of the band and release the mouse button. Mark each FtsZ/SepF band in the same way. All the information about the evaluation of the assigned regions can be found in the Region Report. To obtain the Region Report, click the "Show region Report" button in the Region Determination toolbox. To export the report, on the main menu, click File and choose "Export à 2D Region Report" entry. In the region report, the intensity of every created region should be found. Calculate the percentage of protein (FtsZ, regulatory protein) in the pellet using the intensity values from the report. 5. 90° Light Scattering Turn on a fluorescence spectrometer (e.g. AMINCO-Bowman Series 2), allow the lamp to warm up for several minutes to avoid thermal fluctuations and turn on a circulating water bath to maintain the cuvette chamber temperature at 30 °C. Define the operating parameters of the spectrometer: detector high voltage 300 V, emission and excitation wavelength: 350 nm, slit width: 4 nm. Note that many spectrometers automatically adjust the signal at the start of an experiment to a certain percentage (e.g. 60%) of the maximum. This causes a scatter signal to go out of range as soon as GTP is added to polymerize FtsZ. It is wise to first establish the right signal amplification- detector high voltage- for maximal polymerization before starting a series of experiments. Program a data-acquisition protocol. Choose time-based acquisition, with a duration of 3,600 sec. Carefully clean a fluorescence cuvette with water and ethanol, if necessary- sonicate in water bath at room temperature for 5 min. In this protocol, cuvettes with a 1 cm path length and a 200 μl volume were used and stored in storage solution (0.5-1% Hellmanex). As an alternative, single use UV-compatible plastic cuvettes (UVette, Eppendorf) can be used. Prepare 294 µl of a master mix of the polymerization buffer (see sample preparation point 1) with 10 mM MgCl2 and 12 µM FtsZ as final concentration calculated for 300 µl, and vortex. Transfer 196 µl of the polymerization buffer to the cuvette and place it in spectrometer. Incubate for 2 min at 30 °C. Start the data acquisition and wait for 90 sec to verify that the signal is stable. Add 4 µl of 100 mM GTP or GDP (final concentration: 2 mM) to achieve a final reaction volume of 200 µl, pipette up and down with a larger volume pipette to mix and resume acquisition. 6. Transmission Electron Microscopy Prepare samples as for the FtsZ sedimentation assay (the volume can be reduced to 10 μl final volume to save material). After the incubation time, apply 2 µl of the sample onto a glow-discharged 400 mesh carbon-coated copper grid, incubate for 15 sec. Blot the grid dry by gently touching or dragging the grid parallel or perpendicular to a piece of filter paper. Stain the grid using 4 µl of a 2% uranyl-acetate solution. Blot the grid dry as described in step 6.3. View the grid in a Philips CM120 electron microscope operating at 120 kV at 39,200X magnification. 7. GTP Hydrolysis Assay The setup of the experiment is designed in such a way that GTP hydrolysis of FtsZ is stopped after various reaction times by mixing the reaction with malachite green. In this way, the time of the color development of malachite green is the same for each sample. Prepare 1.5 ml 2 mM GTP in one of the polymerization buffers (see sample preparation, point 1). Prepare a 0-40 µM phosphate standard dilution in a polymerization buffer, and prepare malachite green working reagent as described in the POMG-25H (Bio assays) kit. Alternatively, working reagents can be prepared in-house according to protocols described by Lanzetta et al.16 Prepare master mixes in a total volume 360 µl: I 24 µM FtsZBs, 20 mM MgCl2, polymerization buffer II 12 µM FtsZEc, 20 mM MgCl2, polymerization buffer III (control 1) 24 µM FtsZBs, 2 mM EDTA, polymerization buffer IV (control 2) 12 µM FtsZEc, 2 mM EDTA, polymerization buffer Pipette 20 µl aliquots of the master mixes, 100 µl  phosphate standards and 180 µl of 2 mM GTP in a qPCR 96-well plate in the following order: A B C D E F G H 1 III III I I IV IV II II 2 III III I I IV IV II II 3 III III I I IV IV II II 4 III III I I IV IV II II 5 III III I I IV IV II II 6 III III I I IV IV II II 7 III III I I IV IV II II 8 III III I I IV IV II II 9 PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS 10 PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS 11 12 GTP GTP GTP GTP GTP GTP GTP GTP PS – phosphate standard Place the qPCR plate in a PCR machine with the program set to 40 min cycle at 30 °C. Prepare 20 µl aliquots of malachite green working reagent in a 96-well plate. Add 60 µl of the polymerization buffer from the experiment to lanes 1'-8'. The sample will be diluted 4x compared to the phosphate standard, please consider this fact during final calculations. A B C D E F G H 1' III III I I IV IV II II 2' III III I I IV IV II II 3' III III I I IV IV II II 4' III III I I IV IV II II 5' III III I I IV IV II II 6' III III I I IV IV II II 7' III III I I IV IV II II 8' III III I I IV IV II II 9' PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS 10' PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS Add 20 µl of GTP to lane 1, pipette up and down to mix, start timer (this is the starting time point for the 30 min reaction). After 10 min, 30 sec add GTP to lane 2, pipette up and down to mix (20 min reaction). After 16 min add GTP to lane 3, pipette up and down to mix (15 min reaction). After 21 min, 30 sec add GTP to lane 4, pipette up and down to mix (10 min reaction). After 25 min add GTP to lane 5, pipette up and down to mix (7 min reaction). After 27 min, 30 sec add GTP to lane 6, pipette up and down to mix (5 min reaction). After 29 min add GTP to lane 7, pipette up and down to mix (4 min reaction).. After 30 min transfer 20 µl from lane 1 into lane 1', pipette up and down to mix (starting point of malachite green color development for the 30 min reaction). After 30 min, 30 sec transfer 20 µl from lane 2 to 2', pipette up and down to mix (starting point of malachite green color development for the 20 min reaction). Repeat the step for lanes 3-7 every 30 sec. After 33 min, 30 sec add 20 µl of GTP to lane 8, pipette up and down to mix and transfer 20 µl to lane 8', pipette up and down to mix (0 min reaction and starting time point for malachite green color development for the reaction). After 34 min add 80 µl from lane 9 to 9', pipette up and down to mix (the starting time point for malachite green color development for the phosphate standard 1). After 34 min 30 sec transfer 80 µl from lane 10 to 10', pipette up and down to mix (the starting time point for malachite green color development for the phosphate standard 2). Remove all the air bubbles from the samples and incubate the plate at room temperature for another 25 min 30 sec. Place the plate in 96-well plate reader. After 60 min measure the plate 10x every 30 sec at wavelength 630 nm (malachite green color development is now 30 min for the first reaction). Every measurement corresponds to every time point from steps 7.6-7.12 and 7.16 and must be calculated separately during a data analysis. Calculate the free phosphate in every sample using the phosphate standard calibration curve. Plot the data as Phosphate release over time, and calculate the FtsZ GTP hydrolysis activity from the linear range of the curve.

Representative Results

Purification of FtsZ from different bacterial sources has been described in the literature and is summarized in Table 1. Source Method Modification Yield obtained [mg/L of culture]> References B. subtilis 1) Ammonium sulfate precipitation/ion exchange chromatography no 40 This work, 11,15 2) Affinity chromatography His-tag ND 17 E. coli 1) Ammonium sulfate precipitation/ion exchange chromatography no 35 This work, 11,15 2) Calcium precipitation, ion exchange chromatography no 40 18 Methanococcus jannaschii 1) Affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions/refolding/ammonium sulfate precipitation/gel filtration His-tag 1.3 19 2) Affinity chromatography/ gel filtration His-tag ND 20 Thermotoga maritima Ion exchange chromatography/gel filtration no 6.7 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa Affinity chromatography/gel filtration Strep-tag, His-tag ND 21 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1) Affinity/ion exchange chromatography no ND 22 2) Affinity chromatography/ gel filtration no 30 23 Aquifex aeolicus Affinity chromatography/gel filtration His-tag, C-terminal truncation (331-367) ND 24 Caulobacter crescentus Ion exchange chromatography/ammonium sulfate precipitation/gel filtration no ND 25 Table 1. FtsZ purification protocols described. ND: not determined. Sedimentation of FtsZ polymers Initially, we used two different velocities to spin down FtsZ polymers. We found that only at a velocity of 350,000 x g single polymers of FtsZEc are spun down (Figure 1) whereas at 190,000 x g only bundles of FtsZBs are present in the pellet fraction (data not shown). Therefore 350,000 x g was used in our further experiments. The percentage of polymerized FtsZEc and FtsZBs is similar at 50 mM KCl even though the light scattering experiments revealed a much higher scattering signal for FtsZBs. This is due to bundles formed by FtsZBs which scatter more light than single polymers of FtsZEc. It was not possible to obtain high amount of FtsZ polymers in the pellet fraction in the experiment with 300 mM KCl for both FtsZEc and FtsZBs (Figure 1). We attribute this to a combination of quick disassembly of the FtsZ structures and decreased bundling of the filaments. Sedimentation of FtsZ-SepF tubules To analyze the interaction of FtsZ with certain activators sedimentation assays can be performed at lower centrifugation speeds. At this velocity only large structures of FtsZ may be pelleted, e.g. the large tubules formed by SepF rings and FtsZBs filaments5, or the bundles formed by FtsZ and ZapA. We used lower centrifugation (24,600 x g) to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach for the tubules formed by FtsZ and SepF. FtsZ was recovered in the pellet above background levels only when both SepF and GTP were present in the sample (Figure 2), and the presence of SepF does not influence FtsZ GTPase activity7 showing that FtsZ is fully active in the presence of SepF. Specific sedimentation of SepF and FtsZ is roughly 45% of total SepF and 15% of total FtsZ (compared to material sedimenting when GDP is added). This shows that the SepF-FtsZ tubules contain more SepF than FtsZ. This may be because many SepF rings organize the FtsZ-SepF tubules5,7. The exact stoichiometry of SepF-FtsZ in these tubules is not known but our results suggest that there is more SepF present than FtsZ. FtsZEc and FtsZBs polymerization and bundling properties To characterize the polymerization efficiency of FtsZBs and FtsZEc in different buffers we analyzed both proteins by 90° angle light scattering. At 50 mM KCl, FtsZBs gives a 20-40-fold higher light scattering signal than FtsZEc depending on buffer pH (Figures 3A and B) confirming results of Buske et al.26 Increasing the KCl concentration in the buffer did not significantly influence the light scattering signal of FtsZEc (Figure 3D) but the signal of FtsZBs decreased ~80-fold at pH 7.5, ~30-fold at pH 6.8 and ~45-fold at pH 6.5 in 300 mM KCl (Figure 3C) compared to buffers with 50 mM KCl (Figure 3A). Disassembly of FtsZ polymers is faster at higher KCl concentration for both proteins (Figures 3C and D). Studies of Pacheco-Gómez et al. show that E. coli FtsZ polymerization and bundling is pH dependent. These authors found that in a buffer with 50 mM KCl the light scattering signal of FtsZ polymerization was higher, and disassembly of FtsZ took longer at pH 6.0 compared to pH 7.0 8. These results are not in agreement with our data from polymerization of FtsZEc at 50 mM KCl (Figure 3B), but it has to be noted that we have used three different buffers (HEPES, MES and PIPES) where Pacheco-Gómez et al. only used MES. Thus, not only the pH, but also buffer composition (ionic strength) affects the kinetics of FtsZ polymers at 50 mM KCl. However, at 300 mM KCl neither buffer composition nor pH influenced FtsZEc assembly in a detectable manner. A light scattering experiment of FtsZBs in buffers without KCl was not possible due to precipitation of the protein under these conditions. When the concentration of FtsZBs was lowered to 3 µM, precipitation did not occur. However, 3 µM is not the physiological concentration of FtsZ in the cell. In plastic cuvettes, FtsZBs did not precipitate at 12 µM at pH 7.5, but at pH 6.8 and 6.5 FtsZ still precipitated in the absence of KCl. Morphologies of FtsZ structures from E. coli and B. subtilis The structures formed by FtsZ were inspected by TEM. FtsZBs assembled into closely compacted polymers that covered the whole grid in all buffers at low salt (Figures 4A-C). FtsZEc formed long filaments, cables and bundles in all buffers at low salt (Figures 4D-F). However, the observable amount of polymers formed by FtsZEc was lower than the amount formed by FtsZBs. In high salt buffers FtsZBs formed longer single-stranded protofilaments which did not associate into bundles (Figures 4G-I). While FtsZBs protofilaments changed structure at higher salt concentration, FtsZEc formed structures indistinguishable from those of low salt buffer (Figures 4J-L). There was no observable pH influence on polymerization of FtsZEc but FtsZBs forms more bundles at pH 6.5 which are visible as closely compacted polymers and sheets (Figure 4B). These results are in accord with our light scattering experiments and previously published TEM work8,11,26. The GTPase activity of FtsZ at high and low KCl concentrations The GTP hydrolysis activity of FtsZ was measured under different conditions using a colorimetric assay for free phosphate. As reported previously15 the GTPase activity of FtsZ increased with increasing KCl concentration: depending on the buffer used FtsZBs. showed a 3-7 fold increase, and FtsZEc showed a 1.5-2.5 fold increase in GTPase activity at 300 mM KCl compared to 50 mM KCl. The reduced GTPase activity at 50 mM KCl is due to bundling of FtsZBs filaments. At 50 mM KCl FtsZEc had a 3-6 fold higher GTPase activity than FtsZBs due to quicker disassembly of the FtsZEc polymers. The difference in GTP hydrolysis activity between FtsZBs and FtsZEc was reduced at 300 mM KCl, possibly because of reduced bundling of FtsZBs filaments (Figure 5). Figure 1. Quantification of FtsZ polymerization by sedimentation. (A) 12 µM FtsZ was polymerized in the presence of 2 mM GTP or GDP at pH 7.5 (black bars), 6.8 (grey bars) or 6.5 (white bars). The amount of protein pelleted was determined by densitometric analysis of Coomassie stained gels. GDP served as a control for a specific sedimentation and the percentage of FtsZ sedimented with GDP was subtracted from the percentage of FtsZ sedimented with GTP to obtain the values plotted in the graph. On the left: FtsZ sedimented at 50 mM KCl, on the right: FtsZ sedimented at 300 mM KCl. (B) Representative results from Coomassie stained gels. Polymerization of FtsZBs (upper gel) and FtsZEc (lower gel) at 50 mM KCl. (S) supernatant, (P) pellet fractions from the experiment. Click here to view larger image. Figure 2. Sedimentation of SepF/FtsZ tubules at low speed. (A) 12 µM FtsZBs was polymerized with 2 mM GDP (white bars) or GTP (black bars). The amount of protein pelleted was determined by densitometric analysis of Coomassie stained gels. The + and – signs under the x-axis indicate the presence or absence of FtsZ and SepF in the reaction. (B) Representative results from a Coomassie stained gel. Polymerization of FtsZBs in the presence and absence of SepF. As a control SepF without FtsZ was used. Polymerization was carried out with GTP and GDP. (S) supernatant, (P) pellet fractions from the experiment. Click here to view larger image. Figure 3. Light scattering of 12 μM FtsZEc and 12 μM FtsZBs. FtsZs were assembled in the presence of 2 mM GTP and polymerization was monitored by 90° angle light scattering. Polymerization of FtsZBs (A) and FtsZEc (B) at 50 mM KCl at pH 7.5, pH 6.8, pH 6.5. Polymerization of FtsZBs (C) and FtsZEc (D) at 300 mM KCl at pH 7.5, pH 6.8 and pH 6.5. Click here to view larger image. Figure 4. Structures of FtsZBs and FtsZEc polymers visualized by electron microscopy. (A-L) Images of 12 µM FtsZBs (A-C and G-I) and FtsZEc (D-F) and (J-L) polymerized with 2 mM GTP. (A-C) FtsZBs in buffer with 50 mM KCl and pH 7.5, 6.8, and 6.5 respectively. (D-F) FtsZEc in buffer with 50 mM KCl and pH 7.5, 6.8, and 6.5 respectively. (G-I) FtsZBs in buffer with 300 mM KCl and pH 7.5, 6.8, and 6.5 respectively. (J-L) FtsZEc in buffer with 300 mM KCl and pH 7.5, 6.8, and 6.5 respectively. Scale bar: 100 nm. Click here to view larger image. Figure 5. GTP hydrolysis during FtsZ polymerization in 6 different buffers. In all experiments 2 mM GTP was used. As a control sample with no MgCl2 was used. Activity of FtsZ without MgCl2 was subtracted from the activity of FtsZ in the presence of MgCl2. On the left: GTPase activity of FtsZ at 50 mM KCl, on the right: GTPase activity of FtsZ at 300 mM KCl. Click here to view larger image.

Discussion

We describe a set of methods that allows a quick analysis of FtsZ activity and its interaction with other proteins. Light scattering, sedimentation and GTPase assays as well as electron microscopy have been widely used to study FtsZ polymerization. We have made some improvements to existing protocols, we showed the influence of different conditions on FtsZ assembly, and we propose controls that should be included in FtsZ studies.

We introduce low speed centrifugation to distinguish large structures formed by the association between FtsZ and its interacting proteins from FtsZ polymers. This method shows two advantages over the standard sedimentation assay. First, no background is formed by the FtsZ polymers in the pellet fraction as they are not spun down at 24,600 x g. Second, the amount of FtsZ present in the structure formed with an interacting protein may be calculated from the gel. Two critical steps in this method are the incubation time and the GTP concentration. It is important to centrifuge the large protein structure when it is complete but before it disassembles when all GTP is hydrolyzed. The best control for this study is polymerization of FtsZ with GDP. There is one potential limitation of the assay. FtsZ forms a stable complex with SepF, which can easily be spun down at 24,600 x g. If the sedimentation with another activator or a drug that bundles FtsZ polymers is performed, it may be necessary to adapt the assay. It may be done by changing the incubation time, or increasing the speed of centrifugation.

Proper preparation of the sample is the most important for light scattering experiments. Proteins must be precleared by spinning and all the buffers should be filtered prior to use. If any aggregates are present in the sample, they will disrupt a stable signal obtained from FtsZ polymers. For the analysis of the FtsZ structures by electron microscopy, preparation of a grid is the main step. The time of sample incubation on the grid will have the effect of producing more or less compacted polymers. For bundles of FtsZ_Bs, the time of incubation must be shorter than for FtsZ_Ec and FtsZ_Bs at high KCl concentration. We used a concentration of 12 µM for every sample to be able to compare the results. However, for FtsZ_Bs at 50 mM KCl a lower FtsZ concentration should be used, as 12 µM resulted in a full saturation of the grid. This makes the polymers highly compacted and difficult to detect. Less compacted polymers are better to detect on EM.

The GTPase assay is the only experiment used to study the activity rather than the structures of FtsZ. Mg²⁺ is necessary for GTP turnover in FtsZ polymers. Thus, in the absence of Mg²⁺, FtsZ does not hydrolyze GTP. Therefore, a sample with no Mg²⁺ is the right control in this assay but cations of Mg are present in the FtsZ storage buffer. They may be removed by addition of 1 mM EDTA to the control sample. The critical step in this assay is the incubation time. It is important to stop FtsZ activity after a given time. This is achieved by transferring the FtsZ sample to a malachite green solution in a 96-well plate. However, development of the malachite green color is a continuous process. Thus the measurements must be taken at the same time for every sample. Using a well-planned GTP addition protocol with measurements taken each 30 sec apart in an established order, it is possible to obtain the same incubation and sample handling time for every time point. Another critical step is choosing the concentration of the protein for the experiment. In the experiment we used two different concentrations for FtsZ_Ec and FtsZ_Bs. GTP hydrolysis is much quicker for FtsZ_Ec compared to FtsZ_Bs. The GTPase activity of FtsZ_Ec under chosen conditions and at 12 µM is linear only for maximum 5 min and after that time the hydrolysis rate plateaus. Thus, it is difficult to interpret data from the experiment when performed under these conditions. In this case FtsZEc must be used at lower concentration than FtsZ_Bs to be able to compare activities of both proteins. The GTPase activity of FtsZs from different sources may vary. Thus, the right concentration must be chosen. The concentration for FtsZ polymerization should be well above the critical concentration (in general from 2.5-10 µM). The dynamics of FtsZ assembly and disassembly is also important. Some proteins show a significant lag in polymerization after addition of GTP, as shown for FtsZBs at 50 mM KCl. It is useful to perform the light scattering assay before the GTPase assay to approximate the time of assembly and disassembly of FtsZ polymers. After that, the time of incubation and concentration of protein may be chosen. Since the conditions chosen for FtsZ polymerization are crucial, it is important to use the right pH and KCl concentration in each method. In this work we studied 9 different buffers with pH ranging from 6.5-7.5 and KCl concentrations from 0 M to 300 mM. We noticed that the best condition to analyze FtsZs from B. subtilis and E.coli and their biological activity is at pH that is close to physiological level (7.5) together with a high KCl concentration. At a high KCl concentration, FtsZ has a higher GTPase activity and produces polymers that are better detectable by electron microscopy. We also confirmed that the physiological pH and a high KCl concentration are better for the study of the interaction between FtsZ and regulatory proteins than any other buffers mostly used to study FtsZ assembly. FtsZBs shows a similar activity to FtsZEc when studied at high KCl concentration. In addition, at low salt concentration the influence of pH is more visible than in the buffers with high salt concentration. FtsZ sometimes precipitates when using buffers without KCl, as a result, buffers without salt should be avoided. Sedimentation of FtsZ polymers is low when using buffers with high KCl concentrations. This may be an advantage when studying interactions between FtsZ and proteins that assemble FtsZ filaments such as SepF and ZapA as these higher order structures are easy to detect with centrifugation. In all our experiments we used MgCl₂ at a 10 mM concentration. It was shown that a relatively high Mg²⁺ concentration stabilizes FtsZ polymers and reduces the GTPase activity of FtsZ. In Table 2 results from various studies are summarized describing FtsZ polymerization and GTPase activity at different Mg²⁺ concentrations using otherwise identical buffer conditions ²⁷. The measured concentration of free cytoplasmic Mg²⁺ is 0.9 mM³. It should be noticed that GTP will chelate an equivalent amount of Mg²⁺. Thus, the optimal Mg²⁺ concentration for GTPase experiments is around 2-2.5 mM, which is close to physiological level³. However, in our experiments we used MgCl₂ at a 10 mM concentration to obtain an easily detectable light scattering signal and to stabilize FtsZ polymers during the sedimentation assay.

Although we applied our protocols to FtsZ from the model organisms E. coli and B. subtilis, they can be adapted to FtsZ from any other organism. It has to be noted that the physiological pH, and concentrations of monovalent, and divalent cations differ among organisms. Thus, the optimal conditions for FtsZ polymerization may vary. Differences in doubling time and growth conditions of different bacteria may result in different assembly kinetics of FtsZ and optimal conditions of the experiments. However, our protocol provides a good starting point for the experiments with FtsZs from other organisms. The protocols should be useful for the study of FtsZ with regulatory proteins or the study of effects of small compounds and drugs on FtsZ.

Source	Polymerization [% of FtsZ sedimented]	GTPase [Pi/FtsZ/min]	Mg2+ concentration [mM]	FtsZ concentration [µM]	References
FtsZEc	~ 28%	~ 2.1	10	12	This work
	~ 50%	~ 2.4	10	12.5	27
	~ 43%	~ 3.5	5	12.5	27
	~ 27%	~ 4.6	2.5	12.5	27
	ND	~ 5.4	2.5	5	26
FtsZBs	~ 30%	~ 0.8		12	This work
	~ 52% (with DEAE dextran)	~ 0.5	10	10	11
	ND	~ 2.25	2.5	5	26

Table 2. Effect on Mg²⁺ on FtsZ polymerization and GTPase. Results from this work compared to published data. All experiments were carried out in 50 mM MES/ NaOH, pH=6.5, 50 mM KCl.

Materials

GTP	Roche	10106399001	Part 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Thickwall Polycarbonate Tubes	Beckman Coulter	343776	Part 2
Optima MAX-XP Ultracentrifuge	Beckman Coulter	393315	Part 2, 3
Polyallomer Tube with Snap-on Cap	Beckman Coulter	357448	Part 3
AIDA Bio-package, 1D, 2D, FL	Raytest Isotopenmessgeräte GmbH	15000001	Part 4
Luminescence Image Analyzer LAS-4000	Fujifilm		Part 4
Thermo Spectronic AMINCO-Bowman Luminescence Spectrometer	Spectronic Instruments		Part 5
Fluorescence Cell	Hellma Analytics	105-250-15-40	Part 5
Square 400 Mesh, Copper, 100/vial	Electron Microscopy Sciences	G400-Cu	Part 6
CM120 Electron Microscope Operating at 120 kV	Philips		Part 6
96 ml x 0.2 ml Plate	BIOplastics	B70501	Part 7
Malachite Green Phosphate Assay Kit	BioAssay System	POMG-25H	Part 7
PowerWave HT Microplate Spectrophotometer	BioTek		Part 7