Tüm Dağı Zebra balığı Embriyolar kirpikli Organları boyanmasına Fosfo-epitoplar
Summary
Teknikler, tüm zebra balığı embriyolar fosfo-epitopları immunostain ve daha sonra birincil kirpikler kadar küçük hücresel yapılarının iki renkli flüoresan konfokal lokalizasyonu yapmak için tarif edilmiştir. tespit ve görüntüleme için teknikler yer ve spesifik protein ortaya veya aktivasyon kinetikleri tanımlayabilir.
Abstract
hücrelerin hızlı çoğalması, gen dokuya özgü sentezleme ve sinyal ağlar ortaya tüm omurgalıların, erken dönemde embriyo gelişimi karakterize eder. hatta tek hücrelerin içinde – – kinetik ve sinyallerin yeri gelişmekte olan embriyonun önemli gelişimsel genlerin belirlenmesi tamamlar. Immün teknikleri primer kirpikler kadar küçük yapılarda, hücre içi ve bütün hayvan sinyallerinin kinetiklerini belirlemek için gösterilmiştir ki açıklanmaktadır. bir lazer tarama konfokal bileşik mikroskop kullanılarak sabitleme, görüntüleme ve işleme görüntüler için teknikler kadar az 36 olarak saat içinde tamamlanabilir.
Zebra balığı (Danio rerio) ekonomik ve insan hastalığı ile ilgili bir omurgalı türlerinde çalışmalar yapmak istiyoruz araştırmacılar için bir arzu organizmadır. Genetik tırnakları veya knockdowns gerçek protein ürününün kaybı ile teyit edilmesi gerekir. protein kaybı Böyle onayBurada tarif edilen teknikler kullanılarak elde edilebilir. sinyal yolları içine ipuçları da çeviri sonrası fosforilasyon ile modifiye edilmiş protein ile reaktif olan antikorlar kullanılarak deşifre edilebilir. Korunması ve bir epitopun fosforile durumunu optimize bu belirleme için kritik öneme sahiptir ve bu protokol ile gerçekleştirilir.
Bu çalışma geliştirme ve ilk 72 saat boyunca embriyolar düzeltmek için teknikler anlatılmaktadır Kupffer en veziküllü (KV) 'de cilia ile ilgili epitopların çeşitli böbrek ve iç kulak co-lokalize. Bu teknikler diseksiyon gerekmez, basit ve zaman görece kısa bir süre içinde tamamlanabilir. tek bir görüntü içine konfokal görüntü yığınlarının Projelendirme bu verileri sunma yararlı bir araçtır.
Introduction
The techniques described here are the outcome of studies that have sought to define downstream targets of Ca2+ signals during events that occur during early development, including fertilization, gastrulation, somitogenesis and trunk, eye, brain and organ formation.1-3 The original discoveries of embryonic Ca2+ signaling were dependent on the use of natural and engineered Ca2+ indicators, such as aequorin4 and fura-2.5 Even with current technology, the detection of transient elevations of Ca2+ requires cumbersome analytical tools and does not reveal the targets of such Ca2+ signals.
This laboratory investigates Ca2+ signals that act through the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent (multifunctional) protein kinase known as CaMK-II, an enzyme that is enriched in the central nervous system and originally identified as a regulator of long-term potentiation.6 CaMK-II is not brain-specific, is widely expressed and highly conserved throughout the entire lifespan and bodies of species throughout the animal kingdom, including invertebrates.7,8 CaMK-II has the unique capability of sustaining its own activity even after Ca2+ levels have diminished due to its ability to autophosphorylate at Thr287. In this autophosphorylated state, CaMK-II remains active in a Ca2+/CaM-independent manner, until dephosphorylated.6 Thus, the localization of phosphorylated CaMK-II (Thr287) can identify cells in which natural, relevant Ca2+ elevations have occurred.
An antibody against autophosphorylated (P-Thr287) mammalian CaMK-II has been well-characterized and was initially used to localize activated CaMK-II in brain tissue.9 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have seven CaMK-II genes10,11 whose protein products contain a sequence of MHRQE[pT287]VECLK in this region.10,11 This sequence is very similar to the phosphopeptide antigen used to create this rabbit polyclonal antibody (MHRQE[pT]VDCLK; Upstate/Millipore) and therefore it was not a complete surprise that this antibody cross-reacted with zebrafish CaMK-II. This laboratory showed that this antibody reacts with zebrafish CaMK-II in proportion to autophosphorylation and Ca2+/CaM-independent activity.12 Additional pan-specific CaMK-II antibodies have also been shown to cross-react with zebrafish CaMK-II.13
This antibody has been used to demonstrate that zebrafish CaMK-II is preferentially activated in cells on one side of the zebrafish Kupffer’s Vesicle (KV), the ciliated organ necessary for establishment of left/right asymmetry.12 This antibody was used to demonstrate that CaMK-II is transiently activated in four adjacent cells on the left side of the KV during the exact same developmental phase that organ positioning is determined.12 In addition to the Kupffer’s Vesicle (KV), autophosphorylated (P-T287) was also located in specific intracellular sites in other ciliated tissues including the kidney, neuromasts, and inner ear.12,13 In the zebrafish kidney, P-T287-CaMK-II is enriched along the apical border of ciliated ductal cells and within cloacal cilia where it influences their assembly.13 Finally, in the developing inner ear, P-T287-CaMK-II is intensely concentrated at the base of cilia and influences cell differentiation through the Delta-Notch signal pathway.14 In summary, the detection of activated CaMK-II has pinpointed sites of intracellular Ca2+ release and illuminated potential new signaling pathways.
These discoveries were completely dependent on developing a sensitive and accurate method to localize activated (P-T287-autophosphorylated) CaMK-II. The methods to fix and immunostain the zebrafish KV, kidney and inner ear are described. The limitations of this technique are also described. These techniques should be useful to any investigator who seeks to obtain high-resolution images in two fluorescent channels of not just phospho-epitopes, but any epitope, during early vertebrate development.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
PFA / metanol yöntemi zebrabalıkları gelişim sırasında fosfo-T 287 -CaMK-II epitopunun bağışık optimize temel amacı ile bu laboratuvarda geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntem başarıyla zebrabalıkları KV, 14 ve özellikle KV aşamada böbrek. 13, bu tekniğin gerekli olduğu 12 iç kulak olmak üzere birçok siliyalı organların oluşumu sırasında P-CAMK-II lokalize. Bu yöntemin başarısı otofloresansı a) en aza indirilmesi, fosfo-CAMK II epitopunun b) korunması…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Bu çalışma, Ulusal Bilim Vakfı hibe IOS-0817658 tarafından desteklenmiştir.
Materials
| 1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU) | Sigma | P-7629 | 0.12% Stock solution. Dilute 1:40 in system water |
| Alexa488 anti-mouse IgG | Life Technologies | A11001 | Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500 |
| Alexa488 anti-rabbit IgG | Life Technologies | A11008 | Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500 |
| Alexa488 phalloidin | Life Technologies | A12379 | Preferentially binds to F-actin |
| Alexa568 anti-mouse IgG | Life Technologies | A11004 | Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500 |
| Alexa568 anti-rabbit IgG | Life Technologies | A11011 | Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500 |
| anti-acetylated a-tubulin | Sigma | T7451 | Mouse monoclonal, use at 1:500 |
| anti-phospho-T287 CaMK-II | EMD Millipore | 06-881 | Rabbit polyclonal, use at 1:20 |
| anti-total CaMK-II | BD Biosciences | 611292 | Mouse monoclonal, use at 1:20 |
| Ethanol | Fisher | S96857 | Lab grade, 95% denatured |
| Forceps | Fine Science Tools | 11252-20 | Dumont #5 |
| Glass coverslips | VWR | 16004-330 | #1 thickness |
| Glass microscope slides | Fisher | 12-550-15 | Standard glass slides |
| Methanol | Fisher | A411 | Store in freezer |
| Microcentrifuge tubes | VWR | 20170-038 | capped tubes, not sterile |
| Normal goat serum | Life Technologies | 16210-064 | Aliquot 1ml tubes, store in freezer |
| Paraformaldehyde | Sigma | P-6148 | Reagent grade, crystalline |
| Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) | Quality Biological | 119-069-131 | 10X stock solution or made in lab |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma | BP-151 | 10% solution in water, store at room temp |
| Tween-20 | Life Technologies | 85113 | 10% solution in water, store at room temp |
| Compound microscope | Nikon | E-600 | Mount on vibration-free table |
| C1 Plus two-laser scanning confocal | Nikon | C1 Plus | Run by EZ-C1 program, but upgrades use "Elements" |
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