Summary

哺乳动物原色素上皮细胞的分离、培养和基因工程用于非病毒基因治疗

Published: February 26, 2021
doi:

Summary

在这里,提出了一种从各种哺乳动物(小鼠,大鼠,兔子,猪和牛)中分离和转染原代虹膜和视网膜色素上皮细胞的方案。该方法非常适合在各种设置中研究眼部基因治疗方法,以进行离体分析和可转移到人类的体内研究。

Abstract

年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)是60>患者失明的最常见原因,影响全球约3000万人。AMD 是一种受环境和遗传因素影响的多因素疾病,由于视网膜色素上皮 (RPE) 细胞变性,随后出现感光器降解,导致视网膜功能受损。理想的治疗方法包括移植分泌神经保护因子的健康RPE细胞,以防止RPE细胞死亡和光感受器变性。由于功能和遗传相似性以及侵入性较小的活检的可能性,建议移植虹膜色素上皮(IPE)细胞作为退化RPE的替代品。通过睡美人(SB100X)转座子介导的转染,可以实现低数量的视网膜下移植细胞分泌神经保护因子,这些转染体的基因编码色素上皮衍生因子(PEDF)和/或粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)。我们建立了来自各种物种(包括啮齿动物,猪和牛)的RPE和IPE细胞的分离,培养和SB100X介导的转染。球体被外植,角膜和晶状体被移除以进入虹膜和视网膜。使用定制的刮刀,从分离的虹膜中取出IPE细胞。为了收获RPE细胞,可能需要胰蛋白酶孵育,具体取决于物种。然后,使用RPE定制的刮刀,将细胞悬浮在培养基中。接种后,每周监测细胞两次,并在达到汇合点后,通过电穿孔转染。通过qPCR、WB、ELISA、免疫荧光和功能测定证实了基因整合、表达、蛋白分泌和功能检测。根据物种的不同,每只眼睛可以分离出30,000-500万(RPE)和10,000-150万(IPE)细胞。基因修饰细胞显示出显着的PEDF / GM-CSF过表达,具有降低氧化应激的能力,并为离体分析和可转移到人类的体内研究提供了灵活的系统,以开发眼部基因治疗方法。

Introduction

我们小组正专注于开发再生方法,通过基于RPE和IPE的非病毒基因疗法来治疗神经视网膜变性,即AMD。这种疗法的临床前建立需要可移植给人类的 体外 模型。因此,这里介绍的研究目标是为原代RPE和IPE细胞的分离,培养和基因工程提供方案。建立从多个物种中分离PE细胞的基本原理是有力地确认该方法的安全性和有效性,并提高其可重复性和可转移性。可用的人RPE细胞系ARPE-19与原代细胞不同(例如,它们的色素较少),因此对于临床前分析的价值有限1。此外,非人类哺乳动物细胞可以以更低的成本和更大的数量购买;人类供体组织可以从各种眼库获得,但可用性有限且昂贵。最后,新的高级治疗药物产品(ATMP,即细胞,组织或基因治疗药物产品)需要在患者中测试之前至少应用于两种不同的物种,并且这些 体内 研究要求制备同种异体细胞移植。

视网膜神经退行性疾病是工业化国家失明的主要原因,包括AMD等常见疾病,以及视网膜色素变性等罕见疾病,其中视网膜细胞死亡最终导致失明。在某些情况下,RPE细胞,光感受器和视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)损伤可以减慢,但目前没有治愈性疗法可用。ATMPs具有纠正基因缺陷,整合治疗基因或替代退化细胞的潜力,从而能够开发针对AMD等疾病的再生和治愈疗法;13种基因疗法已经获得上市批准,包括治疗RPE65突变相关视网膜变性的疗法2,3。在老年人(>60岁)中,全世界约有3000万人受到新生血管(nvAMD)或无血管(aAMD)AMD4的影响。这两种形式都是由年龄相关的触发因素诱导的,包括氧化损伤,功能障碍和RPE细胞的丧失,然后是光感受器降解,除其他外(例如遗传风险等位基因,吸烟,高血压)5,6。在 nvAMD 中,血管生成和抗血管生成因子的不平衡会加重发病机制,而血管生成血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) 可诱导脉络膜新生血管形成 (CNV)。迄今为止,只有nvAMD可以通过每月玻璃体内注射VEGF蛋白抑制剂来抑制CNV来治疗;尚无有效的治疗方法可用于aAMD6,7。

几项研究评估了基于细胞的疗法来取代抗VEGF疗法:Binder等人进行的研究表明,新鲜收获的自体RPE细胞被移植到nAMD8,9,10的患者中,显示出适度的视力改善,但只有一小部分患者达到了最终的视力,足以使阅读成为可能。最近,一项I期临床研究使用胚胎干细胞衍生的RPE贴片治疗AMD,结果很有希望;即,在接受治疗的 10 名患者中,有 2 名患者的 RPE 贴片疗效、稳定性和安全性长达12 个月 11。此外,一些小组已经发表了一些研究,其中自体RPE-Bruch的膜脉络膜贴片从外周视网膜中收获并移植到黄斑12,13,14;并生成诱导多能干细胞(iPSC)衍生的RPE贴片用于移植15。对于aAMD,靶向补体途径的抗体已经在临床试验6,16中进行了测试并且使用单次玻璃体内注射腺相关病毒(AAV)载体的I期研究,编码地理萎缩(GA)患者中CD59因子(AAVCAGsCD59)的基因17;II期研究最近开始,旨在招募132名晚期aAMD患者,并在干预后2年评估结果18。最后,FocuS研究小组已开始进行I / II期多中心临床试验,评估编码人补体因子19的重组非复制AAV载体的安全性,剂量反应和有效性。

首先,再生AMD治疗的目标是移植功能性RPE细胞,这些细胞受损或丢失。然而,IPE和RPE细胞具有许多功能和遗传相似性(例如,吞噬作用和视黄醇代谢),并且由于IPE细胞更可行,因此它们已被提议作为RPE替代品20。尽管先前已经证明IPE细胞移植延迟了动物模型21,22中的光感受器变性并稳定了终末期nvAMD患者的视觉功能,但这些患者23没有观察到显着改善。缺乏疗效可能是由于移植细胞数量少和/或神经保护性视网膜因子失衡。另一种方法是移植转染的色素上皮细胞,这些细胞过度表达神经保护因子以恢复视网膜稳态,维持剩余的RPE细胞,并保护光感受器和RGC免受变性。因此,我们提出了一种新疗法,包括移植经过基因工程的功能性RPE或IPE细胞,以分泌神经保护和抗血管生成蛋白,如PEDF,GM-CSF或胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)。在多个物种中开发和分析这种方法的优点是,而不是使用一个细胞系,仅一个物种或人体组织:1)增加结果的可重复性和可转移性,如在独立实验室和不同物种中实现的许多研究所证明的那样1,24,25;2)猪或牛的细胞是可行的一次性的,无需牺牲额外的动物;3)特别是猪和牛细胞的可用性允许大型测试系列产生可靠的结果;4)从最常用的模型中分离,培养和遗传修饰细胞的知识使得能够在多个物种24,25,26中进行体内分析从而为第一批接受治疗的患者提供更高的风险 – 收益比;5)所提出的方案的灵活性允许其用于各种模型和实验设置以及所有基于眼细胞的治疗,有和没有基因工程。相反,细胞系或人体组织等替代技术仅具有有限的可转移性和/或有限的可处置性。ARPE-19等细胞系是初步实验的理想选择。然而,低色素沉着和高增殖与原代细胞1显着不同。从人类供体组织中分离的RPE和IPE细胞为可移植的体外实验提供了宝贵的来源;然而,我们从美国眼库获得人体组织,这意味着该组织至少有两天大(去核后),需要漫长而昂贵的运输,但当地供体组织没有足够的量进行生产性研究。使用原代细胞的优势被来自其他组的多项研究证实,27,28。

为了开发一种基于细胞的非病毒基因疗法,使用SB100X转座子系统转染原代RPE和IPE细胞,这些细胞的基因编码为PEDF和/或GM-CSF,分别用于治疗nvAMD和aAMD,分别为29,30,31,32,我们首先建立了ARPE-19细胞的转1.接下来,在易于接近的牛和猪原代细胞中建立了分离和转染方案。现在,已经建立了来自五个不同物种的原代RPE和IPE细胞的分离和转染,从小型(如小鼠)到大型哺乳动物(如牛)。在源自人类供体眼睛的原代RPE和IPE细胞中得到证实30。符合良好生产规范(GMP)的ATMP生产也使用人类供体组织进行了验证33。最后,在体内评估了该方法在三种不同物种中的有效性,这些物种已经适应了该协议:小鼠,大鼠和兔子。在临床设置中,将从患者身上采集虹膜活检,IPE细胞将在洁净室中分离和转染,然后将细胞网膜下移植回同一患者体内。整个过程将在持续约60分钟的单次手术过程中进行。治疗方法的开发和对其效率的评估要求优秀的体外离体模型来实现稳健有效的基因递送方法,分析基因递送效率,治疗性蛋白质产生和神经保护作用,并产生细胞移植以在体内测试该方法1,24,25,29,30 .值得一提的是,该疗法已获得日内瓦州研究伦理委员会(编号:2019-00250)对临床Ib / IIa期试验的伦理批准,目前瑞士监管机构要求授权的最后临床前数据是使用所提出的协议收集的。在这方面,临床前体内数据显示CNV显著降低,安全性优良24、25、31。

本文介绍了从牛、猪、兔、大鼠和小鼠中分离和培养RPE/IPE细胞,以及使用整合 SB100X 转座子系统与电穿孔相结合作为有效的基因递送方法。特别是,转染原代PE细胞以过表达PEDF和GM-CSF。这些方案的收集使得 体外体内 研究能够在ATMP开发的所有临床前阶段进行。此外,该设置有可能适应其他感兴趣的基因和疾病。

Protocol

涉及动物的协议由经过认证的人员执行,并经瑞士日内瓦州安全,安全和健康省(DSES),Domaine de l’expérimentation animale授权,并根据ARVO关于在眼科和视觉研究中使用动物的声明(批准号:GE/94/17)。成年健康的布朗挪威大鼠,C57BL / 6小鼠和新西兰白兔通过过量的戊巴比妥(150mg / kg)稀释在0.9%NaCl腹腔内注射安乐死,并在牺牲后立即对眼睛进行去核。猪眼和牛眼在牺牲后6小时内从当地屠宰场获得,?…

Representative Results

从不同哺乳动物物种中分离PE使用上述方案,IPE和RPE细胞成功从五种不同物种中分离和培养。从每个程序中获得的细胞数量取决于眼睛的种类和大小(表1)。如图 1所示,细胞显示出典型的PE细胞形态和色素沉着(除了显示的兔细胞,来自新西兰白化(NZW)兔)。在分离后21天,细胞汇合,准备用于进一步的实验(例如,转染)。必须注意的是,?…

Discussion

拥有分离和培养PE细胞的标准化方法是开发视网膜退行性疾病新治疗方法的基础。通过这里提出的方案,PE细胞可以从不同物种中成功分离并长期培养(到目前为止,最长的培养物维持了2年1,38);观察到典型的PE细胞形态、色素沉着和功能(图1、图2)。请注意,特别是对于纯RPE培养物,重要的是完全提取视?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

感谢Gregg Sealy和Alain Conti的出色技术援助。这项工作得到了欧盟委员会在第七框架计划,瑞士国家科学基金会和Schmieder-Bohrisch基金会的背景下的支持。Z.I.获得了欧洲研究委员会,ERC Advanced [ERC-2011-ADG 294742]和B.M.W.的资助,获得了富布赖特研究资助和瑞士政府卓越奖学金。

Materials

12-well plates Corning 353043
24-well plates Corning 353047
48-well plates ThermoFisher Scientific 150687
6-well plate Greiner 7657160
Betadine Mundipharma
Bonn micro forceps flat
Colibri forceps (sterile)
CytoTox-Glo Cytotoxicity Assay Promega G9291
DMEM/Ham`s F12 Sigma-Aldrich D8062
Drape (sterile) Mölnlycke Health Care 800530
Electroporation buffer 3P.14 3P Pharmaceutical
FBS Brunschwig P40-37500
Forceps (different size) (sterile)
Gauze compress PROMEDICAL AG 25403
NaCl (0.9%) Laboratorium Dr. Bichsel AG 1000090
Needle (18G)  Terumo TER-NN1838R
Neon Transfection kit 10 µL ThermoFisher Scientific MPK1096
Neon Transfection System ThermoFisher Scientific MPK5000S
Neubauer chamber Marienfeld-superior 640010
Pasteur pipette (fire-polish) Witeg 4100150
PBS 1X Sigma-Aldrich D8537
Penicillin/Streptomycin Sigma-Aldrich P0781-100
Pentobarbital (Thiopental Inresa) Ospedalia AG 31408025
Petri dish ThermoFisher Scientific 150288
pFAR4-PEDF
pFAR4-SB100X
pFAR4-Venus Pastor et al., 2018. Kindly provided by Prof. Scherman and Prof. Marie
pSB100X (250 ng/µL) Mátés et al., 2009. Provide by Prof. Izsvak
pT2-CAGGS-Venus Johnen et al., 2012
pT2-CMV-GMCSF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/µL) Cloned in our lab
pT2-CMV-PEDF-His plasmid DNA (250 ng/µL) Pastor et al., 2018
scarpel no. 10 Swann-Morton 501
scarpel no. 11 Swann-Morton 503
Sharp-sharp tip curved Extra Fine Bonn Scissors (sterile) 
Sharp-sharp tip straight Extra Fine Bonn Scissors (sterile)
Tali Image-Based Cytometer ThermoFisher Scientific T10796
Trypsin 0.25%  ThermoFisher Scientific 25050014
Trypsin 5%/EDTA 2% Sigma-Aldrich T4174
Vannas spring scissors curved (sterile)

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Bascuas, T., Kropp, M., Harmening, N., Wong, B. M., Johnen, S., Izsvák, Z., Thumann, G. Isolation, Culture, and Genetic Engineering of Mammalian Primary Pigment Epithelial Cells for Non-Viral Gene Therapy. J. Vis. Exp. (168), e62145, doi:10.3791/62145 (2021).

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