الاستقراء وتقييم الأضرار الجهدي الهيكل العظمي والعضلات في البشر
Summary
This article describes a safe and reliable method to induce and quantify exertional skeletal muscle damage in human subjects.
Abstract
الناجم عن تقلص العضلات الضرر عن طريق (إطالة) تقلصات الطوعية غريب الأطوار يقدم نموذجا ممتازا لدراسة تكيف العضلات والانتعاش في البشر. هنا نناقش تصميم بروتوكول ممارسة غريب الأطوار للحث على الضرر في العضلات الرباعية الرؤوس، والتي تميزت التغيرات في القوة، ووجع، والبلازما مستويات الكرياتين كيناز. وهذه طريقة بسيطة والأخلاقية، وقابلة للتطبيق على نطاق واسع منذ يتم تنفيذ ذلك في المشاركين البشري ويقضي على الترجمة بين الأنواع من النتائج. الموضوعات أداء 300 انكماش غريب الأطوار القصوى لعضلات الركبة الباسطة بسرعة 120 درجة / ثانية على المقوى isokinetic. مدى الضرر يمكن قياسه باستخدام تدابير isokinetic ومتساوي القياس نسبيا غير الغازية من فقدان القوة، ووجع، ومستويات الكرياتين كيناز البلازما على مدى عدة أيام بعد العملية. لذلك، يمكن أن توجه تطبيقه على فئات معينة من السكان في محاولة لتحديد آليات العضلاتالتكيف والتجدد.
Introduction
The overall goal of this procedure is to induce exertional damage to the quadriceps femoris muscles using voluntary lengthening (eccentric) contractions in human subjects.
Contraction-induced skeletal muscle damage is a common consequence of exercise that is marked by delayed onset muscle soreness1, transient strength loss, and elevated muscle-specific enzymes in the blood2. Exertional muscle damage is most pronounced following exercise to which the subject is unaccustomed, particularly when eccentric contractions are involved3. Exertional muscle damage is typically benign. Soreness subsides, and both serum proteins and strength typically return to pre-damage levels within a few days to weeks after the damaging insult. In extreme cases, exertional muscle damage can lead to a life-threatening syndrome know as rhabdomyolysis. However, exertional muscle damage is usually insufficient to cause clinical rhabdomyolysis in healthy individuals4 in the absence of compounding factors including heat stress, dehydration5, infection6 or rare genetic predispositions7.
Contraction-induced muscle damage is typically less severe than toxin-induced or freezing-induced injury, methods often used in rodent studies8,9. Yet, contraction-induced injury provides a useful method to study the muscle damage response with notable advantages. First, it is a safe and ethical method for use with human subjects1-3. Thus, interspecies translation of the results is not needed as data can be obtained directly from human subjects. Moreover, translating data obtained from rodent studies is very difficult given that the severity of injury seen in the rodent injury models exceeds the level of damage that would be ethical to induce in human subjects. Second, contraction-induced damage is commonly experienced and a natural process of exercise. Therefore, this mode of damage induction is useful for studying muscle damage in the context of exercise, adaptation to exercise as well as overt muscle injury. Here we describe a safe and reliable method to induce and evaluate skeletal muscle damage using lengthening contractions in humans.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
عدة خطوات حاسمة لحصول على النتائج المرجوة من هذا البروتوكول. أولا، والموضوعات يجب أن اطلع على نحو كاف لبروتوكولات الانكماش، لا سيما القياسات قوة. مما لا شك فيه أن هذا الموضوع يفهم بالضبط ما يتوقع منهم القيام به، ومنحهم فرصة لممارسة الاختبارات قوة قبل جمع البيانات. ال…
Divulgaciones
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors have no acknowledgements.
Materials
| Biodex Dynomometer | Biodex Medical Systems | 850-000 | Other models are available and should produce similar results |
| Creatine Kinase kit | Sigma-Aldrich | MAK116 | |
| Serum Vacutainers | BD Bioscience | 367812 | |
| Winged safety push button blood collection set | BD Bioscience | 367338 | |
| Cryogenic vials | Sigma-Aldrich | V5007 | We use the 2mL vials to store serum aliquots |
Referencias
- Deyhle, M. R., et al. Skeletal Muscle Inflammation Following Repeated Bouts of Lengthening Contractions in Humans. Front. Physiol. 6, 424 (2015).
- Hyldahl, R. D., et al. Extracellular matrix remodeling and its contribution to protective adaptation following lengthening contractions in human muscle. FASEB J. 29 (7), 2894-2904 (2015).
- Hyldahl, R. D., Olson, T., Welling, T., Groscost, L., Parcell, A. C. Satellite cell activity is differentially affected by contraction mode in human muscle following a work-matched bout of exercise. Front. Physiol. 5, 485 (2014).
- Clarkson, P. M., Kearns, A. K., Rouzier, P., Rubin, R., Thompson, P. D. Serum creatine kinase levels and renal function measures in exertional muscle damage. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 38 (4), 623-627 (2006).
- Clarkson, P. M. Exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in marathon runners. Sports Med. 37 (4-5), 361-363 (2007).
- Seedat, Y. K., Aboo, N., Naicker, S., Parsoo, I. Acute renal failure in the "Comrades Marathon" runners. Ren. Fail. 11 (4), 209-212 (1989).
- Landau, M. E., Kenney, K., Deuster, P., Campbell, W. Exertional rhabdomyolysis: a clinical review with a focus on genetic influences. J. Clin. Neuromuscul. Dis. 13 (3), 122-136 (2012).
- Warren, G. L., et al. Role of CC chemokines in skeletal muscle functional restoration after injury. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 286 (5), C1031-C1036 (2004).
- Zhang, J., et al. CD8 T cells are involved in skeletal muscle regeneration through facilitating MCP-1 secretion and Gr1(high) macrophage infiltration. J. Immunol. 193 (10), 5149-5160 (2014).
- Cermak, N. M., Noseworthy, M. D., Bourgeois, J. M., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Gibala, M. J. Diffusion tensor MRI to assess skeletal muscle disruption following eccentric exercise. Muscle Nerve. 46 (1), 42-50 (2012).
- Chen, Y. W., Hubal, M. J., Hoffman, E. P., Thompson, P. D., Clarkson, P. M. Molecular responses of human muscle to eccentric exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (6), 2485-2494 (2003).
- Stasinger, S. K., Di Lorenzo, M. S. . Phlebotomy Textbook. , 188-203 (2011).
- Hubal, M. J., Chen, T. C., Thompson, P. D., Clarkson, P. M. Inflammatory gene changes associated with the repeated-bout effect. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 294 (5), R1628-R1637 (2008).
- Stupka, N., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Yardley, N. J., Phillips, S. M. Cellular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. J. Appl. Physiol. 91 (4), 1669-1678 (2001).
- Smith, L. L., et al. Changes in serum cytokines after repeated bouts of downhill running. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 32 (2), 233-240 (2007).
- Marqueste, T., Giannesini, B., Fur, Y. L., Cozzone, P. J., Bendahan, D. Comparative MRI analysis of T2 changes associated with single and repeated bouts of downhill running leading to eccentric-induced muscle damage. J. Appl. Physiol. 105 (1), 299-307 (2008).
- Crameri, R. M., et al. Myofibre damage in human skeletal muscle: effects of electrical stimulation versus voluntary contraction. J. Physiol. 583 (Pt 1), 365-380 (2007).
- Yu, J. G., Malm, C., Thornell, L. E. Eccentric contractions leading to DOMS do not cause loss of desmin nor fibre necrosis in human muscle. Histochem. Cell Biol. 118 (1), 29-34 (2002).
- Jamurtas, A. Z., et al. Comparison between leg and arm eccentric exercises of the same relative intensity on indices of muscle damage. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 95 (2-3), 179-185 (2005).
