Определение оксида азота и супероксид анион-радикал электронов парамагнитного резонанса от клеток с использованием спиновых ловушек
Summary
Электронного парамагнитного резонанса (ЭПР) спектроскопии был использован для обнаружения окиси азота из бычьей аорты эндотелиальных клеток и супероксид-анион-радикал из нейтрофилов человека использовании железа (II)-N-метил-D-глюкамин дитиокарбаматных, Fe (МГД)<sub> 2</sub> И 5,5-диметил-1-pyroroline-N-оксид, DMPO соответственно.
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4.
Superoxide radical anion (O2•-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2•- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2•- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2•- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5.
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2•- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps–the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2•- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.
Protocol
Discussion
ЭПР спин захват был использован в широком диапазоне биомедицинских приложений для количественной оценки и выявления свободных радикалов. Спин захвата обладает высокой чувствительностью, способны обнаруживать радикалы в концентрациях от нМ до мкМ что делает его пригодным для примен?…
Declarações
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Эта работа финансировалась NIH Национальный институт сердца, легких и крови институт грант RO1 HL81248.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments (optional) |
| Phenol free DMEM medium High glucose 1X |
GIBCO | 31053 | |
| 0.25% Trypsin- EDTA | GIBCO | 25200 | |
| L-Glutamine | Fisher Scientific | BP379-100 | |
| MEM Non Essential Amino acids | GIBCO | 11140 | |
| Fetal Bovine serum | Atlanta Biologicals | S11550 | |
| Endothelial Growth factor | Millipore | 02-102 | |
| CaI | Enzo Life Sciences | A-23187 | Dissolve in DMSO |
| SIN-1 | Enzo Life Sciences | BML-CN245-0020 | |
| DMPO | Dojindo Laboratories | D048-10 | |
| FeSO4.7H2O | Sigma Aldrich | 215422-250G | Dissolve in PBS with Ca and Mg |
| MGD | Enzo Life Sciences | ALX-400-014-M050 | Dissolve in PBS with Ca2+ and Mg2+ |
| BAEC cells | Cell Systems | 2B2-C75 | |
| DMSO | Fisher Scientific | BP231-100 | |
| DPBS | Sigma Aldrich | D8537 | |
| DPBS with CaCl2 and MgCl2 | Sigma Aldrich | D8662 | |
| Phorbol-myristate acetate (PMA) | Sigma Aldrich | 79346-1MG |
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