LysoTracker का प्रयोग करने के लिए भ्रूण में क्रमादेशित कोशिका मृत्यु का पता लगाने और भ्रूण स्टेम कोशिकाओं का फर्क

Summary

हम एक साधारण प्रोटोकॉल मौजूद क्रमादेशित कोशिका मृत्यु का माउस भ्रूण में (PCD) क्षेत्रों और भ्रूण स्टेम सेल (ते) एक उच्च घुलनशील LysoTracker बुलाया डाई का उपयोग संस्कृतियों फर्क कल्पना.

Abstract

Programmed cell death (PCD) occurs in adults to maintain normal tissue homeostasis and during embryological development to shape tissues and organs^1,2,6,7. During development, toxic chemicals or genetic alterations can cause an increase in PCD or change PCD patterns resulting in developmental abnormalities and birth defects^3-5. To understand the etiology of these defects, the study of embryos can be complemented with in vitro assays that use differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cells.

Apoptosis is a well-studied form of PCD that involves both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling to activate the caspase enzyme cascade. Characteristic cell changes include membrane blebbing, nuclear shrinking, and DNA fragmentation. Other forms of PCD do not involve caspase activation and may be the end-result of prolonged autophagy. Regardless of the PCD pathway, dying cells need to be removed. In adults, the immune cells perform this function, while in embryos, where the immune system has not yet developed, removal occurs by an alternative mechanism. This mechanism involves neighboring cells (called “non-professional phagocytes”) taking on a phagocytic role-they recognize the ‘eat me’ signal on the surface of the dying cell and engulf it^8-10. After engulfment, the debris is brought to the lysosome for degradation. Thus regardless of PCD mechanism, an increase in lysosomal activity can be correlated with increased cell death.

To study PCD, a simple assay to visualize lysosomes in thick tissues and multilayer differentiating cultures can be useful. LysoTracker dye is a highly soluble small molecule that is retained in acidic subcellular compartments such as the lysosome^11-13. The dye is taken up by diffusion and through the circulation. Since penetration is not a hindrance, visualization of PCD in thick tissues and multi-layer cultures is possible^12,13. In contrast, TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) analysis¹⁴, is limited to small samples, histological sections, and monolayer cultures because the procedure requires the entry/permeability of a terminal transferase.

In contrast to Aniline blue, which diffuses and is dissolved by solvents, LysoTracker Red DND-99 is fixable, bright, and stable. Staining can be visualized with standard fluorescent or confocal microscopy in whole-mount or section using aqueous or solvent-based mounting media^12,13. Here we describe protocols using this dye to look at PCD in normal and sonic hedgehog null mouse embryos. In addition, we demonstrate analysis of PCD in differentiating ES cell cultures and present a simple quantification method. In summary, LysoTracker staining can be a great complement to other methods of detecting PCD.

Protocol

1. माउस भ्रूण की LysoTracker धुंधला पुरुष संवर्धन पिंजरों में युवा महिलाओं (5-6 सप्ताह पुराने) रखने के द्वारा उत्पन्न माउस भ्रूण. एक योनि है कि संभोग का संकेत प्लग की उपस्थिति के लिए निम्नलिखित सुबह पर निगरान…

Discussion

Apoptosis की महत्वपूर्ण पहचान TUNEL परख के साथ डीएनए की क्षति का पता लगाने, कस्पासे गतिविधि का पता लगाने के साथ (mAbs या ZVAD fmk के रूप में इस तरह के एक अणु बंधन के साथ पाया), सेलुलर परिवर्तन के अवलोकन, और phosphatidylserine की प्रस्तु?…

Materials

Name of the reagent	Company		Catalogue number
LysoTracker Red DND-99	Invitrogen	#L-7528
Hanks BSS	Invitrogen	14025-076
Paraformaldehyde	EMD	EM-PX0055-3
Vectashield	VECTOR	H-1200
DMEM	Cellgro	10-013-CV
Non-essential amino acids	Cellgro	25-025-CI
Sodium pyruvate	Cellgro	25-000-CI
FBS	Hyclone	SH30071.02
Pen-Strep	Invitrogen	15140-122
b-Mercaptoethanol, 50 mM	Invitrogen	21985-023
LabTek-II Chamber slides (8-well)	Nalge Nunc International	154534
0.1% Gelatin	Millipore	ES-006-B
Dulbecco’s PBS (D-PBS)	Cellgro	21-031-CV
			Solution Recipes 4% Paraformaldehyde For 100 ml: Mix 4 g paraformaldehyde, 90 ml H2O, and NaOH (a drop of 2N NaOH). The paraformaldehyde will not go into solution until you have added some NaOH to increase the pH. Stir and heat at 60 °C until all the powder is in solution (~10-20 min). Do not overheat. Add ~10 ml 10x PBS to achieve a final volume of 100 ml. Store at -20 °C in convenient (~10 ml or ~40 ml) aliquots. WARNING: Paraformaldehyde in ‘frill’ form (compressed small pellets) is less powdery and can therefore be measured outside of a hood. However you should still wear a protective dust mask (N95 at least) during handling. EB Culture Media For 500 ml EB Media: DMEM: 404.5 ml FBS: 75.0 ml L-Glutamine: 5.0 ml Penicillin/Streptomycin: 5.0 ml Non-essential amino acids: 5.0 ml Sodium pyruvate: 5.0 ml β-Mercaptoethanol: 500 μl