Исследование и картирование поверхности электродов в ТОТЭ
Summary
Мы представляем уникальную платформу для характеристики поверхности электродов в твердооксидных топливных элементов (ТОТЭ), что позволяет одновременное выполнение нескольких методов характеристика (<em> Например, в местах</em> Спектроскопии комбинационного рассеяния и сканирующей зондовой микроскопии наряду электрохимических измерений). Дополнительная информация от этих анализов может помочь продвигаться к более глубокому пониманию электродной реакции и деградации механизмов, обеспечивающих понимание рациональной конструкции из лучших материалов для ТОТЭ.
Abstract
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 (“coking”) and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Сера Анализ отравлений
Импеданс-спектров показано на рисунке 5 предположить, что сера отравления поверхности или поверхностное явление, а не один, который влияет на объем материала. В частности, быстрое отравление электрода Ni сетки (рис. 6) может возникну…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Эта работа была поддержана HeteroFoaM центр энергетических исследований пограничной Центр финансируется министерством энергетики США, Управление по науке, Управления основной энергии наук (BES) в рамках Премии Количество DE-SC0001061.
Materials
| Name of Reagent/Material | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
| Nickel mesh | Alfa Aesar | CAS: 7440-02-0 | |
| Ni Foil | Alfa Aesar | CAS: 7440-02-0 | |
| YSZ powder | TOSOH | Lot No:S800888B | |
| Ag paste | Heraeus | C8710 | |
| Barium oxide | Sigma-Aldrich | 1304-28-5 | |
| Silver wire | Alfa Aesar | 7440-22-4 | |
| Acetone | VWR | 67-64-1 | |
| Ethanol | Alfa Aesar | 64-17-5 | |
| UHP H2 | Airgas | 99.999% purity | |
| 100 ppm H2S/H2 | Airgas | Certified custom mix | |
| n-type Si AFM tip | MikroMasch | NSC16 | 10 nm tip radius |
| Au coated AFM tip | MikroMasch | CSC11/Au/Cr | 20-30 nm tip radius |
| Raman Spectrometer | Renishaw | RM1000 | |
| Ar Ion laser | ModuLaser | StellarPro 150 | |
| He-Ne laser | Thorlabs | HPL170 | |
| Atomic Force Microscope | Veeco | Nanoscope IIIA | |
| Moving Raman Stage | Prior Scientific | H101RNSW | |
| Optical Microscope | Leica | DMLM | |
| Scanning Electron Microscope | LEO | 1550 | |
| Tube Furnace | Applied Test Systems | 2110 | |
| Polisher | Allied High Tech Products | MetPrep | |
| 6 μm Grinding media | Allied High Tech Products | 50-50040M | |
| 3 μm Polishing media | Allied High Tech Products | 90-30020 | |
| 1 μm Polishing media | Allied High Tech Products | 90-30015 | |
| 0.1 μm Polishing media | Allied High Tech Products | 90-32000 | |
| Raman chamber | Harrick Scientific | HTRC |
References
- Minh, N. Q. Solid oxide fuel cell technology-features and applications. Solid State Ionics. 174 (1-4), 271 (2004).
- Liu, M., Lynch, M. E., Blinn, K., Alamgir, F., Choi, Y. Rational SOFC material design: new advances and tools. Materials today. 14 (11), 534 (2011).
- Zhan, Z. L., Barnett, S. A. An octane-fueled solid oxide fuel cell. Science. 308, 844 (2005).
- Huang, Y. H., Dass, R. I., Xing, Z. L., Goodenough, J. B. Double perovskites as anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells. Science. 312, 254 (2006).
- Yang, L., Wang, S., Blinn, K., Liu, M., Liu, Z., Cheng, Z., Liu, M. Enhanced Sulfur and Coking Tolerance of a Mixed Ion Conductor for SOFCs: BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2-xYbxO3-d. Science. 326, 126 (2009).
- Liu, M. F., Choi, Y. M., Yang, L., Blinn, K., Qin, W., Liu, P., Liu, M. L. Direct octane fuel cells: A promising power for transportation. Nano Energy. 1, 448 (2012).
- Cheng, Z., Wang, J. -. H., Choi, Y. M., Yang, L., Lin, M. C., Liu, M. From Ni-YSZ to sulfur-tolerant anodes for SOFCs: electrochemical behavior, in situ characterization, modeling, and future perspectives. Energy & Environmental Science. 4 (11), 4380 (2011).
- Blinn, K. S., Abernathy, H. W., Li, X., Liu, M. F., Liu, M. Raman spectroscopic monitoring of carbon deposition on hydrocarbon-fed solid oxide fuel cell anodes. Energy & Environmental Science. 5, 7913 (2012).
- Abernathy, H. W. . Investigations of Gas/Electrode Interactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Using Vibrational Spectroscopy [dissertation]. , (2008).
- Pomfret, M. B., Owrutsky, J. C., Walker, R. A. High-temperature Raman spectroscopy of solid oxide fuel cell materials and processes. Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (35), 17305 (2006).
- Cheng, Z., Liu, M. Characterization of sulfur poisoning of Ni-YSZ anodes for solid oxide fuel cells using in situ Raman microspectroscopy. Solid State Ionics. 178 (13-14), 925 (2007).
- Li, X., Blinn, K., Fang, Y., Liu, M., Mahmoud, M. A., Cheng, S., Bottomley, L. A., El-Sayed, M., Liu, M. Application of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy to the study of SOFC electrode surfaces. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 14, 5919 (2012).
- Dresselhaus, M. S., Jorio, A., Hofmann, M., Dresselhaus, G., Saito, R. Perspectives on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Raman Spectroscopy. Nano Letters. 10, 751 (2010).
- Su, C., Ran, R., Wang, W., Shao, Z. P. Coke formation and performance of an intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cell operating on dimethyl ether fuel. Journal of Power Sources. 196, 1967 (2011).
- Cheng, Z., Abernathy, H., Raman Liu, M. Spectroscopy of Nickel Sulfide Ni3S2. Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 111 (49), 17997 (2007).
- Yang, L., Choi, Y., Qin, W., Chen, H., Blinn, K., Liu, M., Liu, P., Bai, J., Tyson, T. A., Liu, M. Promotion of water-mediated carbon removal bynanostructured barium oxide/nickel interfaces in solid oxide fuel cells. Nature Communications. 2, 357 (2011).
- Kumar, A., Ciucci, F., Morzovska, A., Kalinin, S., Jesse, S. Measuring oxygen reduction/evolution reactions on the nanoscale. Nature Chemistry. 3, 707 (2011).
- Kumar, A., Arruda, T. M., Kim, Y., Ivanov, I. N., Jesse, S., Bark, C. W., Bristowe, N. C., Artacho, E., Littlewood, P. B., Eom, C. B., Kalinin, S. V. Probing Surface and Bulk Electrochemical Processes on the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 Interface. ACS Nano. 6 (5), 3841 (2012).
- Katsiev, K., Yildiz, B., Balasubramaniam, K., Salvador, P. A. Electron Tunneling Characteristics on La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 Thin-Film Surfaces at High Temperature. Applied Physics Letters. 95 (9), 092106 (2009).
- Jesse, S., Kumar, A., Arruda, T. M., Kim, Y., Kalinin, S. V., Ciucci, F. Electrochemical strain microscopy: Probing ionic and electrochemical phenomena in solids at the nanometer level. MRS Bulletin. 37 (7), 651-65 (2012).
- Datta, S. S., Strachan, D. R., Mele, E. J., Johnson, A. T. Surface Layers and Layer Charge Distributions in Few-Layer Graphene Films. Nano Letters. 9, 7 (2009).
- Coffey, D. C., Ginger, D. S. Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells. Nature Materials. 5 (9), 735 (2006).
- Nakamura, M., Yamada, H., Morita, S. . Roadmap of Scanning Probe Microscopy. , (2007).
- Girard, P. Electrostatic force microscopy: principles and some applications to semiconductors. Nanotechnology. 12, 485 (2001).
- Rasmussen, J. F. B., Hagen, A. The effect of H2S on the performance of Ni-YSZ anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources. 191 (2), 534 (2009).
- Zha, S. W., Cheng, Z., Liu, M. L. Sulfur poisoning and regeneration of Ni-based anodes in solid oxide fuel cells. Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 154 (2), B201 (2007).
- Liu, M. F., Ding, D., Blinn, K., Li, X., Nie, L., Liu, M. L. Enhanced performance of LSCF cathode through surface modification. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37 (10), 8613 (2012).
- Park, H., Li, X., Blinn, K. S., Liu, M., Lai, S., Bottomley, L. A., Liu, M., Park, S. Probing coking resistance from nanoscale: a study of patterned BaO nanorings over nickel surface. , (2012).
