Manejo de la rata del algodón en Estudios para la evaluación preclínica de virus oncolíticos
Summary
Cotton rats are extremely excitable and have a strong flight-or-fight response. A handling method optimized to reduce the stress of the animals is described which will make cotton rats more accessible as a preclinical model.
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are a novel anticancer therapy with the ability to target tumor cells, while leaving healthy cells intact. For this strategy to be successful, recent studies have shown that involvement of the host immune system is essential. Therefore, oncolytic virotherapy should be evaluated within the context of an immunocompetent model. Furthermore, the study of antitumor therapies in tolerized animal models may better recapitulate results seen in clinical trials. Cotton rats, commonly used to study respiratory viruses, are an attractive model to study oncolytic virotherapy as syngeneic models of mammary carcinoma and osteosarcoma are well established. However, there is a lack of published information on the proper handling procedure for these highly excitable rodents. The handling and capture approach outlined minimizes animal stress to facilitate experimentation. This technique hinges upon the ability of the researcher to keep calm during handling and perform procedures in a timely fashion. Finally, we describe how to prepare cotton rat mammary tumor cells for consistent subcutaneous tumor formation, and how to perform intratumoral and intraperitoneal injections. These methods can be applied to a wide range of studies furthering the development of the cotton rat as a relevant pre-clinical model to study antitumor therapy.
Introduction
Virus oncolíticos (OV) se replican selectivamente en las células tumorales mediante la explotación de las diferencias bioquímicas entre células normales y tumorales 1,2. Hay dos tipos de VO: aquellos que no requieren una mutación para lograr oncolisis selectivo, denominado naturales virus de tipo salvaje y aquellas que deben ser diseñados para lograr oncolisis selectiva. La colección de mutaciones dentro de un tipo de tumor dado determina la naturaleza de la ventaja de crecimiento selectiva sobre las células normales para un OV 2. La seguridad y el beneficio de utilizar VO se ha demostrado en ensayos clínicos 3-7. A pesar de los avances en el campo de la virotherapy oncolítico existen brechas entre los resultados preclínicos y clínicos, lo que sugiere que se necesitan mejores modelos para evaluar la eficacia antitumoral de VO.
Virus del herpes bovino tipo 1 (BHV-1) es un miembro de la familia Herpesviridae, subfamilia y Alphaherpesviridae. BHV-1 iniates bovina complejo de la enfermedad respiratoria en ganado, que se manifiesta en una amplia variedad de síntomas similares a un resfriado 8,9. BHV-1 se une a receptores de fijación y de entrada utilizados por HSV-1, tales como el sulfato de heparán y nectin-1 10. Sin embargo, se une CD155 en el lugar de nectin-2 10. BHV-1 tiene una gama de huéspedes muy estrecha de tal manera que es incapaz de entrar e iniciar eficazmente la replicación en células murinas normales y transformadas 3,4,10. Esto hace que el uso de modelos murinos convencionales problemático. La capacidad oncolítico del BHV-1 se ha demostrado in vitro 11,12. BHV-1 se ha demostrado para iniciar la replicación en y matar células tumorales humanas de una variedad de orígenes histológicos, incluyendo las células de cáncer de mama y el cáncer de mama células iniciar 11,12. Sin embargo, la capacidad antitumoral de BHV-1 debe ser evaluado in vivo en el contexto de un huésped inmunocompetente.
Adenovirus humano (Ad), para lo cualhay 57 serotipos identificados, más comúnmente causa enfermedades respiratorias en los seres humanos. Vectores de Ad oncolíticos han sido evaluados por su eficacia antitumoral con varios avanzar en ensayos clínicos 13-15. A pesar de los datos pre-clínicos prometedores, los resultados clínicos han estado a la altura de las expectativas. Modelos de xenoinjertos de tumores humanos se suelen utilizar para estudiar la eficacia antitumoral de vectores de anuncios, aunque presentan atenúan la respuesta inmune al virus 16,17. Además, los modelos murinos singénicos no son permisivas a la infección del anuncio, por lo que la evaluación de las respuestas inmunitarias del huésped que utilizan estos modelos impracticables 17,18.
El sistema inmune del huésped ha sido identificado como el mecanismo más influyente por el cual VO provocan la muerte de las células tumorales 19. Respuestas antitumorales entre tolerizado y el antígeno asociado a tumor no tolerizado modelos (TAA) son diferentes y pueden afectar en gran medida el éxito de la terapia OV. El HSV-1 OV KM100 (ICP0 n212VP16 en 1814 20) 20,21 provocó la regresión del tumor en el 80% de los ratones portadores de tumor en un modelo de cáncer mamario de antígeno T medio del polioma murino 22. Sin embargo, en HER-2 modelos / neu, la eficacia antitumoral de KM100 varió entre el 20% de regresión completa en ratones singénicos y estasis del tumor en ratones transgénicos, los ratones HER2 hacer tolerante. En conjunto, estos datos ponen de relieve la importancia de evaluar plenamente VO utilizando modelos animales que mejor se recapitulan el paisaje inmunológico humano para entender completamente qué características determinan el éxito terapéutico.
La rata algodonera (Sigmodon hispidus), indígena de Norte y Sur América, es más comúnmente utilizado como un modelo de infección por el virus sincitial respiratorio (tal como fue revisado en 5). Ratas del algodón también se utilizan en-BHV-1 Investigación de la vacunación contra, ya que recapitulan la patología asociada con la enfermedad respiratoria bovina complejo 6,23. Además, BHV-1 infección de ratas del algodónes inmunogénica, la inducción de la mucosa sostenido y respuestas inmunes sistémicas 6,23-25. Las líneas celulares se han derivado de fibrosarcoma espontánea y osteosarcomas de la glándula mamaria (LCRT) y el hueso (CCRT y VCRT), respectivamente 26. Ratas del algodón se han utilizado para evaluar la eficacia in vivo de vectores de Ad oncolíticos, ya que son susceptibles a la infección por Ad y exhiben patología similar a los seres humanos 27-29. El uso de modelos inmunocomprometidos para la evaluación preclínica de VO no sólo son menos indicativo de una respuesta clínica a la terapia pero no tienen en cuenta el papel del sistema inmune en virotherapy oncolítico 30,31. Por lo tanto, los modelos de rata de algodón tolerantes a tumores de carcinoma mamario y osteosarcoma singénico y son modelos pertinentes en los cuales evaluar la eficacia pre-clínica de VO, tales como BHV-1 y Ad que no puede ser estudiada usando modelos murinos convencionales.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
Cotton rats are highly excitable and have a strong flight response. Therefore, special care should be taken to minimize any undue stress on the animal. The cage setup described will allow for safe and easy capture of the animals, with the placement of the enrichment tube being of the utmost importance. When setting up cages, ensure that the enrichment tubes meet the size and shape requirements, and are placed in proper orientation in the cage. It is also important to ensure that any technicians who might be aiding in ani…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Breanne Cuddington holds a fellowship from the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation. This work was sponsored by operating grants from the Cancer Research Society and the Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute (formerly the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance). We thank Ann Tollefson (Saint Louis University School of Medicine) for LCRT cells and Dr. Kathleen Delaney and Marion Corrick for technical assistance with cotton rat housing and sedation.
Materials
| Name of Material/Equipment | Company | Catalog # | Comments/Description |
| Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium | Gibco | 11965-092 | May use any brand |
| 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline | Can prepare in lab, filter to sterilize | ||
| 200 mM L-glutamine | Gibco | 25030164 | May use any brand |
| 100x Antibiotic-Antimycotic | Gibco | 15240-062 | May use any brand |
| Fetal bovine serum | Quality Biological Inc. | 110-001-101HI | May use any brand |
| T-150cm2 tissue culture flask | Fisher Scientific | 14-826-80 | May use any brand |
| 1X TypLE Express | Life Technologies | 12604-013 | |
| 12-well cell culture plate, flat bottom | Fisher Scientific | 08-772-29 | May use any brand, must be tissue culture treated |
| alamarBlue | Life Technologies | DAL1025 | May use an alternative reagent for determination of cell viability |
| 8640 Teklad 22/5 Rodent diet | Harlan | 8640 | |
| 1/8” corncob rodent bedding | Harlan | 7092 | |
| Nestlets | Ancare | – | Made of pulped virgin cotton fiber, dust-free and autoclavable |
| 50 mL Conical tubes | Fisher Scientific | 14-432-22 | May use any brand, must be sterile |
| Isoflurane USP, 99.9 %, inhalation anesthetic | Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada Inc. | M60302 | |
| 70% Ethanol | Can prepare in lab | ||
| 10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin | Sigma-Aldrich | HT501128 | May use any brand |
| Name of Material/Equipment | Company | Catalog # | Comments/Description |
| NAPCO NapFlow 1200 Class II A/B3 Biosafety Microbiological Safety Cabinet (cell culture hood) | NAPCO | Model used not currently available | May use any brand |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Precision Heated Water Bath | Fisher Scientific | Model used not currently available | May use any brand |
| Reichert Bright-line Hemacytometer | Sigma-Aldrich | Z359629 | May use any brand |
| Typhoon Trio BioAnalyzer | GE Healthcare Life Sciences | Model used not currently available | May use any fluorescence plate reader |
| Tecan Safire2 Multi-detection Microplate Reader | Tecan | Model used not currently available | May use any fluorescence plate reader |
| Allegra 6R benchtop centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | 366816 | May use any brand |
| Table Top Anaesthesia machine | VetEquip | Model used not currently available | May use any brand, must be portable |
| Wahl Peanut Mini Clippers | Wahl | May use any brand of small clippers | |
| Insulin syringes 29 G x 1/2', 0.3 mL | BD | 329464 | May use any brand. Insulin syringes are recommended as they make injections easier through the rat’s tough skin. |
| Cotton swabs | MedPro | 018-425 | May use any brand |
| Sharp-Pointed Dissecting Scissors | Fisher Scientific | 8940 | May use any brand |
| Dissecting Tissue Forceps | Fisher Scientific | 13-812-41 | May use any brand |
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