Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Summary

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Abstract

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

Introduction

The murine ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), in the walls of the lateral ventricle facing the striatum, is a very active germinal region in which a continual process of progenitor cell replication and differentiation results in the persistent production of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons and corpus callosum oligodendrocytes¹. The lifelong generation of these cells appears to be supported by the presence in this region of neural stem cells (NSCs; also called B1 cells), which express the astrocytic antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and stem cell markers such as nestin, Id1 and Sox2². GFAP-expressing B1 cells generate transit amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells (C cells), which express transcription factors Dlx2 (distal-less homeobox 2) and Ascl1 (mammalian achaete-schute homolog 1) and divide rapidly a few times before they give rise to migrating neuroblasts (A cells) or oligodendroblasts³. Newly-generated proliferative neuroblasts migrate anteriorly, forming the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the OB, where they integrate into the granular and glomerular layers as differentiated inhibitory interneurons. Migrating young oligodendroblasts move to the CC, where they become immature NG2-positive cells that continue to divide locally or differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes^1,4.

B1 cells, which derive from fetal radial glial cells, retain the elongated and polarized morphology of their predecessors and exhibit a highly specialized relationship with their niche. They span between the ependyma which lines up the ventricle and the network of blood vessels that irrigate the V-SVZ niche. The small apical process of B1 cells intercalates among multiciliated ependymocytes and ends in a single non-motile primary cilium, whereas their basal process extends long distances to approach the planar vascular plexus that irrigates this niche ending in the basal lamina of the plexus capillaries^2,5-8 .

The most reliable way to distinguish B1-NSCs from non-neurogenic astrocytes, which are also GFAP⁺, in the intact V-SVZ niche is based on whole-mount preparations of the ventricle lateral wall and their analysis by 3-D confocal microscopy after immunostaining for GFAP to label the thin B1-NSC apical process, β-catenin to delineate cell membranes, and either γ-tubulin as a marker of cilial basal bodies or acetylated α-tubulin to label the extent of each cilium^5,8. Observations of these whole-mounts from the ventricular surface have indicated that B1 and ependymal cells are arranged in "pinwheels"⁵, in which the uniciliated apical processes of one or several GFAP⁺ B1 cells are encircled by a rosette of multiciliated ependymal cells.

The characteristic morphology of B1 cells correlates with experimental evidence indicating that blood vessels/endothelial cells and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitute regulated sources of soluble signals acting on NSCs^2,6,9-11. At the ventricular surface, homotypic and heterotypic apico-lateral interactions involving ependymal and B1 cells include tight junctions and adherens junctions^5,12. Moreover, adhesion molecules implicated in the junctional complexes between B1 and ependymal cells, such as N-cadherin and V-CAM, have been shown to regulate not only the highly organized positioning of B1 in the V-SVZ niche, but also their quiescence^12,13. The ependymal-B1 cell monolayer appears to act as a diffusion barrier allowing the regulated flux of water and small molecules from the CSF, but restricting the intercellular passage of large proteins^10,11. Experimental evidence indicates that the uniquely positioned B1 cell apical cilium could play a role as a sensor of signaling polypeptides present in the CSF^2,5-7. Ependymal cells are, per se, also a source of soluble and membrane-bound signals with a role in the regulation of NSC behavior^14,15.

Traceable nucleosides, such as bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU), or retroviruses have been widely used to label progenitor cells, including NSCs, in vivo. However, these methods are not optimal for long-term fate tracing because BrdU signals dilute through repeated cell divisions and retroviruses appear to preferentially target transiently amplifying cells due to their requirement of cell proliferation for transduction^16,17. To examine NSC physiology in vivo, including interactions with niche components, it is crucial to establish a method to label and trace rarely dividing cells, as B1-NSCs are largely quiescent and their neighboring ependymal cells never divide under physiological conditions³. Here, we show that lentiviral vectors (LVs) allow for high-efficiency gene marking and long-term modification of adult NSCs and non-dividing ependymal cells, due most reasonably to their ability to transduce and to integrate into the genome of target cells in a cell cycle-independent way. Moreover, we show how the route of delivery and viral titer help to specifically transduce ependymal cells, but not B1 cells thereby allowing the analysis of niche-dependent, ependymal effects on NSCs.

Protocol

ETHICS STATEMENT: This protocol follows the animal care guidelines of the University of Valencia in compliance with European directive 2010/63/EU.

1. Generation of LV for In Vivo Marking Studies (see Figure 1a)

CAUTION: The procedure described herein is biosafety level 2, therefore perform all the following procedures in a biohazard hood. Ensure that research personnel are appropriately qualified and trained in all procedures. Wear personal protective equipment, including gown, double gloves and suitable eye protection. Finally, thoroughly decontaminate all tools and surfaces that could have been in contact with viruses according to approved facility disinfection practices (by wiping with 70% ethanol, 10% bleach and/or autoclaving).

1. Production of LV in Human Embryonic Kidney 293T Cells
   1. Start this protocol by preparing pure DNA for transfection. Prepare and purify each plasmid by double CsCl gradient centrifugation or other commercially available column methods yielding endotoxin-free DNA. In this protocol we have used the transfer vector plasmid pRRL-SIN-PPT.PGK.EGFP.Wpre. Recommended core packaging plasmids are pMDLg/pRRE and pRSV.REV and envelope plasmid pMD2G^13,18,19.
   2. Twenty-four hr before transfection, plate 5 x 10⁶ 293T cells in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) (see Table of Materials) in a 10 cm plastic dish in order to obtain an approximately 1/4 to 1/3 confluent culture for transfection. Incubate at 37 °C in a humidified incubator in an atmosphere of 5-7% CO₂.
   3. Replace the medium with fresh medium 2 hr before transfection.
   4. In a sterile 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube mix 10 µg of transfer vector plasmid (containing the cDNA of the transgene or the shRNA to be delivered) with 2.5 µg of the pRSV.REV and 5 µg of the pMDLg/pRRE packaging plasmids, and 3.5 µg of the envelope plasmid pMD2G. Make up the plasmid solution to a final volume of 450 µl with 0.1x TE buffer (see Table of Materials) /dH₂0 (2:1). Then add 50 µl of 2.5 M CaCl₂.
   5. Form the precipitate by dropwise addition of 500 µl of the 2x Hepes Buffered Saline(HBS, see Table of Materials) solution to the 500 µl DNA-TE-CaCl₂ mixture while vortexing at full speed.
   6. Add the precipitate to the 293T cells immediately. Gently swirl the plate to mix. Return the cells to the incubator and change the medium 14-16 hr after transfection.
   7. Collect the cell supernatants 30 hr after changing the media. Filter supernatant through a 0.22 µm pore nitrocellulose filter and proceed to concentration.
2. Concentration of LVs
   1. Concentrate the conditioned medium by ultracentrifugation at 50,000 x g (19,000 rpm with SW-28 ultracentrifuge rotor) for 2 hr at room temperature (RT) in a 30 ml polypropylene transparent conical rotor tube.
      Note: Use ultracentrifuge adapters for conical rotor tubes (see table of Materials).
   2. Discard the supernatants by decanting and resuspend the pellets in a small volume (200 µl or less if only one centrifugation is performed) of phosphate buffer saline (PBS; see Table of Materials). Then pipette up and down about 20 times.
   3. Pool the suspensions and concentrate again by ultracentrifugation, also at 50,000 x g (23,000 rpm with SW-55 ultracentrifuge rotor) for 2 hr at room temperature. Use polypropylene transparent rotor tubes with a nominal volume of 5 ml (see Table of Materials).
   4. Resuspend the final pellet in a very small volume (1/500 or 1/1,000 of the starting volume of medium) of sterile PBS and shake on a rotating wheel for 1 hr at RT. Split into small aliquots (5-20 µl) and freeze them at -80 °C.
   5. Treat all empty tubes with 10% bleach before discarding.
3. Lentiviral Titration Using Flow Cytometry
   1. The day before, plate 5 x 10⁴ HeLa cells per well in 6-well tissue culture plates in 2 ml Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) (see Table of Materials). Incubate at 37 °C in a humidified incubator in an atmosphere of 5-7% CO₂ for 24 hr.
   2. On the day of titration, thaw an aliquot of the viral stock and prepare serial dilutions, from 10^-3 to 10^-8, in DMEM.
      1. To do so, take a 24-well plate and add 2 ml of DMEM to the first well and 1.8 ml to the following wells. Then add to the first well 2 µl of the concentrated viral stock (to a final dilution of 1:1,000 or 10^-3).
      2. After pipetting several times to thoroughly mix the solution, change tip and transfer 200 µl of the 10^-3 dilution to the second well. Repeat the procedure serially in the following wells until the 10^-8 dilution is made.
   3. Take HeLa cells plated the previous day from the incubator. Carefully remove medium from wells. Add 1 ml of each viral dilution together with 1 µl of 8 mg/ml hexadimethrine bromide to the HeLa cell-containing wells. Gently swirl the plate to mix.
      Note: Hexadimethrine bromide is added to increase the virus adsorption to the cells in culture.
   4. Return the cells to the incubator and allow the infection to proceed for 72 hr. After that, remove the medium, wash the cells once with PBS and add 200 µl of trypsin-EDTA (see Table of Materials) to each well.
   5. After 5 min at 37 °C, add 2 ml of PBS to each well and harvest cells in flow cytometry tubes.
   6. Centrifuge at 300 x g for 5 min at RT and aspirate the supernatant.
   7. Resuspend the pellet with 1 ml of fixing solution (1% formaldehyde electron microscopy grade and 2% fetal bovine serum in PBS), then vortex the tubes.
   8. Analyze the cells in a flow cytometer using a 488 nm argon-ionlaser at 15 mW power.
   9. Set up the instrument with the standard configuration: forward-scatter (FS), side-scatter (SS), and fluorescence for GFP (525/40 nm). Select cell population gating in a FS vs. SS dot plot to exclude cell aggregates and debris. Collect fluorescence in logarithmic scale. Calculate the number of GFP⁺ cells in each sample.
   10. Calculate vector titer using the following formula: % GFP⁺/100 x number of cells infected x dilution factor (DF) = transducing units (TU)/ml.

Figure 1: Schematic representation of the different parts of the procedure. (a) Part 1 of the protocol: generation of LVs for in vivo labeling studies, from the transfection of HEK293T cells with appropriate plasmids to generate the LVs to the determination of the virus titer by flow cytometry using the indicated formula. The names of the plasmids and the centrifuge rotors are indicated. (b and c) Part 2 of the protocol: stereotaxic injection of LVs. "b" depicts an example of a Vernier scale, a device that is part of stereotaxic instruments and serves for fine measurements. As an example, the arrows indicate 4.23 cm. A Vernier scale is used to determine the coordinates in the antero-posterior (AP), medio-lateral (ML), and dorso-ventral (DV) axis as shown for a top-view (left) and for a sagittal section (right) of the brain. "c" indicates the position of bregma as the intersection between the sagittal and coronal sutures. LVs are injected using a syringe. (d) Schematic drawings showing how the brain is processed for analysis. The two hemispheres are split and each one is divided into two blocks. Block "a", containing the OBs, is produced by a coronal cut at the AP level immediately posterior to the OB junction with the telencephalon (bregma 2.46 mm; see Paxinos´ Atlas for a reference). Block "b" is produced by two coronal cuts, one at the level just anterior to the most rostral aspect of the corpus callosum (bregma 1.7 mm) and a second one at the level of the junction of the two lateral ventricles (bregma -0.22 mm). GL, glomerular layer; GCL, granule cell layer; st, striatum; cc, corpus callosum; ac, anterior commissure; lv, lateral ventricle.

2. Stereotaxic Injection of LV into the V-SVZ/Striatum Border or into the Lateral Ventricle (see Figure 1b)

1. Preparation
   1. Sterilize a 5 µl capacity syringe with a 33 gauge needle by spraying down the body and needle with 70% ethanol with the plunger pulled out all the way. Repeatedly aspirate ethanol from a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and eject it all the way out several times, and rinse the syringe thoroughly with sterile water afterwards. Place the syringe safely aside in the culture hood and allow it to dry.
   2. Prepare a biohazard waste container with 10% bleach to a suitable volume for immersion of all waste from this procedure (generally 200 ml in a 500 ml container).
   3. Prepare and preheat a 37 °C waterbed by filling a sealable plastic storage bag with water and warming it to 37 °C. This will allow mice to recover following injection.
   4. Remove viral stocks from -80 °C freezer storage 1 hr before starting the injections and place the vial on a rotating wheel at RT. After thawing, maintain the viral stock on ice during the time of the injections. Prior to the stereotaxic injection of LV, dilute the concentrated viral stocks to 10⁶ TU/μl using PBS in the culture hood.
   5. Sanitize the area selected for performing the surgery with 70% ethanol.
2. Microinjection of LV
   1. Select and sterilize tools needed for surgery (scalpel, drill, and small tweezers).
   2. Anesthetize a 6-8 week-old mouse by intraperitoneally (ip) injecting a veterinary-supervised mixture of ketamine and medetomidine. Weigh each animal and dose each with 50-75 mg ketamine and 0.5-1 mg medetomidine per kg of mouse body weight (around 100-125 µl of the ketamine/medetomidine working solution per mouse).
   3. Assess the anesthetic plane by pinching the toes, tail or ear and ensuring that the animal shows no reaction.
   4. Once the mouse is anesthetized, inject butorphanol subcutaneously at a final dose of 0.4-0.5 mg per kg mouse weight to minimize post-surgical pain.
   5. Shave the area between the ears and disinfect the skin using an iodophor such as iodopovidone or 70% ethanol. Cleanse using sterile cotton-tipped applicators. Be careful not to excessively wet the animal as this can exacerbate hypothermia.
   6. Place the animal in prone position on a stereotaxic frame and carefully fix the head using the ear bars and the palate support of the apparatus. Keep the mouse with a heating pad set at 37 °C and apply ophthalmic lubricant to the eyes.
   7. Make a 1 cm long incision on the head skin longitudinally using a scalpel, and gently retract the skin to expose the skull using fine tweezers.
   8. Carefully clean the bone surface with a sterile cotton-tipped applicator. Cleanse the exposed skull bone of any remaining tissue.
   9. Mount the sterilized syringe on the stereotactic device using the syringe holder.
   10. Move the syringe holder x, y and z axis until the tip of the syringe needle is positioned on the bregma, the conjunction point where the sagittal (longitudinal and medial) suture is perpendicularly intersected by the coronal suture (Figure 1b). Ensure that the "zero" position of the dorso-ventral (DV) axis is at the skull surface at bregma.
   11. Move the syringe to the x and y destination coordinates (see Table 1 and Figure 1b).

Region of injection	Coordinates
	Antero-posterior (AP)	Medio-lateral (ML)	Dorso-ventral (DV)
SEZ/striatum border	+0.6 mm	+1.2 mm	-3.0 mm
Lateral ventricle	-0.3 mm	+1.0 mm	-2.6 mm

Table 1: Stereotaxic coordinates for the injections. For the AP and ML axis, x and y coordinates are given as a distance (in mm) from bregma. "-" indicates "towards posterior". For the DV coordinates "zero" is the surface of the skull at the bregma point and DV coordinates indicate the distance (in mm) down from this point.

12. Annotate the x, y and z destination coordinates in the Vernier scale in order to be able to come back to the injection site later on. Mark the bone at the x and y coordinates using a surgical marker pen.
13. Move the syringe away from the working area.
14. Using an electric drill make a hole on the skull carefully not to damage the brain. Do not drill the pial surface as this may damage the brain surface.
15. Load the syringe with 1 µl of the 10⁶ TU/µl viral solution. Use a 33 gauge sharp beveled needle whose tip has an angle of 10-12°. Position the syringe needle at a 90° angle with respect to the brain surface.
16. Move the syringe back to the site of injection and move it down until the tip touches the pial surface.
17. Penetrate the brain with the syringe to the z coordinate in the DV axis.
18. Slowly release the viral suspension, at a rate of 0.2 µl/min, in order to minimize damage to the brain tissue due to excessive fluid pressure.
19. Wait for 5-10 min to minimize the backflow of viral suspension and then retract the syringe very slowly. Blot any excess of liquid that may appear at the surface as a result of the retraction of the syringe using a laboratory wipe and place it immediately in the bleach-containing biosafety waste container.
20. Take the animal out of the stereotaxic set, place it on a warm pad, and close the wound using skin adhesive. Reverse the sedation using 0.1-1.0 mg/kg body weight atipamezole.
21. Inject Bupenorphrine subcutaneously at a final dose of 0.1 mg per kg mouse weight every 12 hr, starting 4 hr after the administration of the short lasting Butorphanol analgesic.
22. Place the animal in an individualized cage with a warm pad and monitor closely until the mouse recovers from anesthesia. Place one bag of hydrogel in the cage to help the animal hydrate after recovery.
23. Dispose of all bio-contaminated waste in the liquid bleach biohazard disposal. Clean the syringe by aspiration and ejection of ethanol and rinse with water. Disinfect the area, the stereotaxic set and the surgical material that has been used with bleach and 70% ethanol.
24. Keep injected mice isolated in the biosafety level 2 room for 24-48 hr after which they can be transferred to a conventional housing facility

3. Histological Analysis

1. Perfusion, tissue collection, and sectioning
   1. Deeply anaesthetize the mice using a veterinary-supervised mixture of medetomidine and ketamine (assess the anesthetic plane by pinching the toes, tail or ear), as described before.
   2. Transcardially perfuse the mice with 25 ml of saline solution followed by 75 ml of 4% PFA in PB at the same rate¹⁷.
   3. Extract the brain and post-fix it by immersing it in at least 10 times its volume of cold 4% PFA in PB for 1-16 hr (increased post-fixation times may decrease the immunoreactivity of some antigens). Wash thoroughly the remaining PFA with PB.
   4. Cut the brain following indications of Figure 1d and glue the resulting block to the holder of a vibratome using cyanoacrylate.
   5. Collect 30 µm-thick serial coronal sections using a vibratome. Store the brain slices in 24-multiwell plates with PB at 4 °C. To prevent contamination, 0.05% sodium azide can be added to the PB solution.
2. Immunohistochemistry
   1. Incubate the free-floating sections in blocking buffer (PB with 0.05% sodium azide, 1% glycine, 5% normal goat serum, and 0.1% Triton X-100) for 1h at RT with gentle shaking in a rocking platform.
   2. Carefully remove the blocking buffer with a pipette, add an appropriate dilution of anti-GFP rabbit primary antibody (see Table of Materials) in blocking buffer and incubate tissue with this dilution for 48 hr at 4 °C with gentle shaking.
   3. Wash off the primary antibody solution a minimum of 3 times with PB, one wash every 10 min.
   4. Incubate the free-floating sections with a suitable dilution of fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibodies) in blocking solution (see Table of Materials) for 1 hr at RT and gentle shaking. Protect the sections from direct light during the incubation.
   5. Wash off the secondary antibody solution with PB, 3 times once every 10 min, and counterstain the tissue by incubating the sections with DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) at 1 mg/ml in water for 5 min. Wash off the DAPI solution by rinsing twice and quickly with water.
   6. Gently place the sections on a microscope slide using a fine paint brush. Pour a few drops of mounting medium for fluorescent preparations (see Table of Materials) over the tissue and carefully place a coverslip on top, checking that the mounting solution is correctly distributed over the entire surface and there are no bubbles. Gently squeeze down the coverslip to drain the excess of mounting medium.
   7. When the mounting solution dries out (2-16 hr), analyze the sample by confocal laser scanning microscopy with the 488 nm laser.

Results

LV-mediated gene delivery system can be used for the long-term in vivo transduction of cells in the adult mouse V-SVZ, allowing their tracking and genetic modification during proliferation, migration and differentiation. The infection and the expression are highly effective and yield numerous cells that can be easily distinguished among other non-infected cells by the expression of the reporter included. We have thus far visualized transduced cells with GFP fluorescent reporters, driven by the ubiquitously expre...

Discussion

LVs offer important advantages over other viral systems for the genetic modification of adult NSCs^16,18. Stereotaxic delivery of lentiviruses to the V-SVZ niche represents an efficient method to label and trace infrequently dividing B1-NSCs overcoming the limitations of other commonly used methods such as BrdU, which is diluted after multiple cell divisions, or retrovirus, which only target cells that are proliferating at the moment of application. LVs, together with adenoviruses, can infect cells independentl...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Part 1: Generation of LV for in vivo delivery.
Equipment:
Ultracentrifuge	Beckman Coulter	Optima XL-100K
Ultracentrifuge rotor	Beckman Coulter	SW-28
Ultracentrifuge rotor	Beckman Coulter	SW-55
Ultracentrifuge tubes	Beckman Coulter	358126	25 mm x 89 mm
Ultracentrifuge tubes	Beckman Coulter	326819	13 mm x 51 mm
Ultracentrifuge adapters	Beckman Coulter	358156
6-well plate	SPL	PLC-30006
24-well plate	SPL	PLC-30024
10 cm dish	SPL	PLC-20101	100 x 20 style
FACS tubes	Afora	DE400800	12 mm x 75 mm, 5 ml
Cup sterile FACS filter	BD	340626	30 µm
Nitrocellulose filter	Millipore	SCGPU05RE	0.22 μm
Flow cytometer	BD	LSR Fortessa	Blue laser 488 nm
Steritop filter	Biofil	FPE-204-500	0.22 µm
Reagents:
pMDLg/pRRE plasmid	Addgene	#12251	Core packaging plasmid
pRSV.REV plasmid	Addgene	#12253	Core packaging plasmid
pMD2G plasmid	Addgene	#12259	Envelope plasmid
pRRL-SIN-PPT.PGK.EGFP.Wpre plasmid	Addgene	#12252	Transfer vector plasmid
Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium	Biowest	L0101-500	For HeLa cell culture
Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium	Life technologies	12440-053	For 293T cell culture
Tris-EDTA (TE)			Tris-HCl (sigma, T5941), 0.1 mM EDTA (sigma, E5134), pH 7.6,  DNAse/RNAse-free, 0.2 µm sterile-filtered
2x HBS			0.28 M NaCl (Sigma, S7653), 0.05 M HEPES (Sigma, H7523), 1.5 mM anhydrous Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) in dH2O (preferably not MilliQ). Adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH solution (Calbiochem, 567530).
Fetal bovine serum (FBS)	Biowest	S181B-500	Stock solution at 100x, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 10x.
Glutamine	Sigma-Aldrich	G7513-100	Stock solution at 200 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 6 mM.
Sodium pyruvate	Life technologies	11360-039	Stock solution at 100 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1 mM.
GlutaMAX Supplement	Life technologies	35050-061	Used to prepare 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.
Penicillin/streptomycin	Sigma-Aldrich	P4458	Stock solution contains 5,000 units/ml penicillin and 5 mg/ml streptomycin. Used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.
Trypsin-EDTA	Life Technologies	25200-056	With phenol red, contains 2.5 g porcine trypsin and 0.2 g EDTA 4Na/L HBSS.
Phosphate buffered saline  (PBS)	Sigma-Aldrich	D1408	Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, 10x, liquid, sterile-filtered, suitable for cell culture. Stock solution used to prepare 1x PBS in cell culture grade water.
Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide)	Sigma-Aldrich	H9268	Powder. Prepare a 1,000x stock solution at 8 mg/ml in dHO
Paraformaldehyde EM grade 16%	EM Sciences	15710
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Part 2: Sterotaxic injection of LV into the SEZ proper or the lateral ventricle.
Equipment:
Vernier stereotaxic instrument	NeuroLab, Leica	39463001	http://www.leicabiosystems.com/
Cunningham mouse and neonatal rat adaptor	NeuroLab, Leica	39462950
Syringe holder	KD Scientific	KDS-311-CE
33 gauge syringe	Hamilton	P/N    84851/00	#85RN
Electric drill	Fine Science Tool	98096
Thermal blanket	Ufesa	AL5512/01	230-240 V, 100-110 W, type C_AL01
Shaver	Jata	MP373N	Model: beauty, 3 V, 300 mA, type HT-03.
Reagents:
Medetomidine	Esteve	DOMTOR	Comercial solution at 1 mg/ml.
Ketamine	Merial	Imalgene 500	Comercial solution at 50 mg/ml
Medetomidina/ketamine mixture			Prepare a working mixture of medetomidine at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml dilution and ketamine at a final concentration of 15 mg/ml in saline solution. Use as anesthesia injecting a volume to get a final concentration of 0.5-1 mg medetomidina per kg body weight and 50-75 mg ketamine per kg body weight
Butorphanol	Pfizer	Torbugesic	Stock solution at 10 mg/ml. Used as analgesia at 1 mg/ml in saline solution.
Atipamezole	Esteve	Antisedan	Stock solution at 5 mg/ml, used in a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in saline solution to exit from anesthesia.
0.9% saline solution	Braun	13465412
Histoacryl	Braun	1050052	Topical skin adhesive
HydroGel	Clear H2O	70-01-5022
Kimwipes	Kimberly-Clark	34120	11 cm x 21 cm
Bleach/Virkon	Dupont
Surgical marker pen	Staedler	313-9	Permanent lumocolor
Ophthalmic lubricant		SICCAFLUID	0.5 g/dosis, carbomer 974P
Povidone-iodine	Betadine	694109.6	10% povidone-iodine
Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Part 3: Histological analysis.
Equipment:
Automatic peristaltic pump	Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.	HV-07524-55	Masterflex L/S variable-speed economy drive, 1.6-100 rpm, 230 V
Pump head	Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.	HV-07518-00	Masterflex L/S Easy-Load pump head for precision tubing; PSF housing, CRS rotor
Silicone tube	Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.	HV-96410-16	Platinum L/S 16
Scalp vein set	Vygon V-green	70246.05T	25 G, 30 cm tube length
Vibratome	Leica	VT1000
Confocal microscope	Olympus	FluoView FV10i
Hot plate	Tehtnica	SHP-10
Reagents:
Phosphate buffer (PB)			0.2 M PB: 0.2 M Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) and 0.2 M NaH2PO4 (Panreac, 141965.1211) in dH2O, adjust pH to 7.2-7.4
Paraformaldehyde (PFA)	Panreac	141451.1211	Prepare fresh every time. Heat dH2O up to 55–60 °C using a hot plate placed in a fume hood and pour PFA powder while stirring to obtain an 8% solution. The solution is cloudy white as PFA does not dissolve easily. Add 1N NaOH drop by drop just until the solution clears. Cool down, filter through Whatman paper and add an equivalent volume of 0.2 M PB.
Saline solution			0.9% NaCl in dH2O
Superglue	LOCTITE	767547
Sodium azide	Panreac	122712.1608
Glycine	Sigma-Aldrich	G7126-100
Normal goat serum	Millipore	S30-100
Triton X-100	Sigma-Aldrich	T9284	Detergent
Anti-GFP rabbit antibody	ROCKLAND	600-401-215	Use at a 1:500 dilution
Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody	Molecular probes	A-21206	Use at a 1:750 dilution
6-Diamindino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (DAPI)	Sigma-Aldrich	D9542	Fluorescent nuclear staining. Use at 2 mg/ml in ddH2O. Keep in the dark at 4 °C.
Fluoromount-G	EM Sciences	17984-25	Mounting medium for fluorescent preparations