Summary

检测免疫异常神经病的神经超声方案

Published: October 07, 2021
doi:

Summary

本文介绍了多发性神经病的神经超声方案,以帮助诊断炎症性神经病。

Abstract

神经超声越来越多地用于多发性神经病的鉴别诊断,作为神经传导研究的补充工具。周围神经的形态学改变,例如横截面积增加 (CSA),已在各种免疫介导的多神经病中得到描述。神经超声最突出的形态学变化已被描述为慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病 (CIDP) 谱系疾病。CIDP 可通过测量神经肿胀的程度和模式(CSA 升高)与遗传性和其他多神经病区分开来。脱髓鞘性炎症性神经病的典型表现是具有不均匀束结构的多灶性神经肿胀,而脱髓鞘性遗传性神经病的 CSA 升高以更普遍和同质的方式发生。在其他非炎症性轴索性神经病中,神经可伴有正常或轻微的CSA升高,特别是在典型的卡压部位。本文介绍了神经超声的技术要求、使用标准化检查方案的检查程序、CSA 的当前参考值以及炎症性神经病患者的典型超声病理学发现。

Introduction

除临床检查外,评估任何大纤维多发性神经病包括电生理检查,以表征运动或感觉系统的受累情况,并区分轴索损伤和脱髓鞘损伤1。在轴索性多神经病中,毒性和糖尿病性神经病是主要病因,而在脱髓鞘性多神经病中,应考虑遗传性或炎症性神经病,例如CIDP 2,3,4。CIDP 常用的诊断标准是欧洲神经学会联合会/周围神经学会 (EFNS/PNS) 标准,该标准于 2005 年制定,并于 2010 年和 2021 年修订5.这些定义了诊断CIDP的临床和电生理标准,并描述了其他标准,例如用于检测脱髓鞘或炎症的神经活检。然而,在某些情况下,尽管进行了彻底的诊断性检查,但神经病变的原因仍然不明确。在这些情况下,神经超声提供了一种补充方法,不是从功能上而是在形态上检查神经6。几项研究证明使用神经超声作为诊断 CIDP 的附加工具,因此 2021 年修订的 EFNS/PNS 标准在指南5 中实施了神经超声检查。与其他成像方法(如磁共振神经造影(MRN))相比,神经超声的优势在于它可以被治疗神经科医生直接用作床边工具;它相对具有成本效益。它可以重复使用,因为它是无创且不痛苦的。

在神经超声中观察到的CIDP的典型特征是横截面积(CSA)增加7,8见于遗传性多神经病。在CIDP中,这异质地影响单个神经节段7,9

已经发表了各种检查方案10,11,12,13,14,15试图澄清正常的CSA值并确定超声检查的适当解剖位置。其中一些职位在大多数考试协议中是相似的。然而,不存在一个被广泛接受的协议来标准化检查过程并简化测量的解释。

本文演示了使用标准化的多神经病方案进行神经超声检查,提供了CSA的各种参考值,并显示了炎症性神经病患者的典型病理发现。

神经超声技术要求
神经肌肉超声使用相应超声设备6,16的复合成像在B模式(亮度模式,具有灰度的二维图像)下进行。复合成像能够对声波探头(换能器)中的压电元件进行电子控制,以从不同角度照亮目标结构17。由于周围神经的组织学结构,超声波在几个方向上反射。由于声音来自不同的角度,原本丢失的反射中更重要的部分会回到声音探头(接收器)并可以生成图像。对于神经肌肉超声,使用带有 18 MHz 线性阵列换能器的高分辨率超声探头,对于更深的神经,使用额外的 12 MHz 线性阵列探头(例如,用于显示腘窝中的胫神经和腓神经)6,16。频率较低的换能器导致空间和横向分辨率降低,因此神经边界与周围结构的区分不太精确。使用制造商提供的神经肌肉成像预设,可以保持最佳设置不变。在检查过程中,必须根据要检查的结构调整图像深度和焦点位置,并不断适应神经的位置。B图像增益和深度相关增益可以调整,以实现均匀亮度的图像优化。血管通常靠近神经结构,通常用作在同一位置进行测量的标志。为了描述它们的解剖相互作用并区分神经和血管,还需要使用脉冲多普勒和彩色编码的双功超声显示流速和方向16,18。脉冲重复频率必须适应四肢血管中预期的低流速,或者必须选择功率多普勒进行颜色编码16

神经从不同的入射角反射超声波的方式不同,因此超声图像的回声性(各向异性)不同16,19。最佳图像是从正交角度获得的,因为超声波在这个角度上被神经反射得最强烈。因此,为了避免人工各向异性或神经畸形,因此在检查过程中必须将探头保持在中立位置,而不会施加垂直于神经的额外压力(图1)。横截面积(CSA)在薄的高回声表神经内测量(图2),以避免在测量中改变表肠组织19。有关技术超声的更多详细信息,请参见参考文献6,16,17,18,19,20,21

Protocol

这项工作的所有考试均按照德国波鸿鲁尔大学的机构指导方针进行。 1. 实验准备 患者准备检查患者纳入标准:检查诊断为多发性神经病、怀疑炎症来源的成年患者。 检查患者排除标准:不要检查要检查区域的开放性伤口或感染患者。 仪器检查点检查超声机和所有所用材料的完整性(见 材料表)。 在开始超声…

Representative Results

每个超声实验室应通过从健康的当地人群收集数据来确定其CSA参考值,因为特定的超声机器和检查员或人群依赖变量可能导致每个实验室的结果略有不同。然而,为了表明哪些CSA值可以被认为是正常的,表1总结了来自德国两个主要神经超声组的数据以及迄今为止所有已发表的参考值13,14,15,22,23的最新荟萃分析。<sup…

Discussion

神经超声是多神经病的有用附加诊断工具。它可以根据神经增大的程度和模式提供有关多发性神经病的可能原因的信息。此外,CIDP患者纵向病程中的CSA改变与临床病程和治疗反应相关33,34,35,36

协议中的关键步骤
为了获得可重复的结果,一致的方法和标准化的考?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢波鸿鲁尔大学对我们神经肌肉超声研究的支持。

Materials

Affiniti 70 Philips GmbH n/a with preset for neuromuscular ultrasound
L18-5 linear array transducer Philips GmbH n/a
Ultrasound gel C + V Pharma Depot GmbH n/a

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Cite This Article
Fisse, A. L., Pitarokoili, K., Gold, R. Nerve Ultrasound Protocol to Detect Dysimmune Neuropathies. J. Vis. Exp. (176), e62900, doi:10.3791/62900 (2021).

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