三维细胞培养模式的测量肿瘤细胞浸润间质流体流动的影响
Summary
在实体肿瘤间质流体流动升高，可以调节肿瘤细胞的侵袭。在这里，我们描述了技术应用嵌入在一个矩阵的细胞间质流体流动，然后测量其细胞浸润的影响。这种技术可以很容易地适应学习其他系统。
Abstract
大多数实体肿瘤的生长和发展依赖于初始变换的癌细胞，他们的反应基质的相关信号在肿瘤微环境1。此前，在肿瘤微环境的研究主要集中在肿瘤基质的相互作用1-2。然而，肿瘤微环境，还包括各种生物物理力量，其影响仍然知之甚少。这些部队是肿瘤生长的生物力学的后果，导致基因表达的变化，细胞分裂，分化和入侵3。矩阵密度4，5-6，刚度和结构6-7，组织间液压力8，8间质流体流动都改变在癌症的发展。
在肿瘤间质流体流动特别是高于正常组织8-10。估计间质液FLOW速度进行了测量，发现是在0.1-3微米S -1的范围内，根据肿瘤大小和分化9，11。这是由于肿瘤诱导的血管生成和血管通透性增加12所造成的升高间质流体压力。间质流体流动已被证明能增加入侵的癌细胞13-14血管成纤维细胞和平滑肌细胞15。这次入侵可能是由于自体细胞趋化细胞周围建立3 – D 16的梯度或增加15基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）的表达，分泌趋化因子和细胞粘附分子表达17。然而，细胞感受到流体流动的机制，不能很好地理解。此外，改变肿瘤细胞的行为，间质流体流动的调节其他细胞在肿瘤微环境的活动。它与（一）驾驶的成纤维细胞分化成肿瘤促进myofibr州18，（B）抗原的搬运和其他可溶性因子，淋巴结肿大19，（三）调节淋巴管内皮细胞形态20。
这里介绍的技术对体外细胞间质流体流动和量化入侵（ 图1）的影响。这种方法已经公布在基质和癌细胞侵袭13日至15日，17多个研究测量流体流量的影响。通过改变基质组成，细胞类型和细胞浓度，此方法可以适用于其他疾病和生理系统的研究侵袭，分化，增殖，基因表达，如细胞过程间流动的影响。
Protocol
1。含量的设置冰在4°C（约2小时），解冻的基底膜小等分（<500μL）。 准备凝胶配方（看到表中的例子卷以下）：10倍PBS（总体积的1倍），1N钠氢（相当于0.023补充胶原蛋白的量，或每的胶原蛋白制造商的建议，如适用），基底膜和胶原键入我来终浓度为1毫克/毫升和1.3毫克/毫升（可用于其他基质配方，根据细胞类型和实验）。 例如凝胶配方…
Discussion
在这里，我们所描述的量化对肿瘤细胞浸润间流动的影响，使用一个3-D矩阵嵌入细胞内的细胞培养插入方法。这和其他类似的方法已被用来研究多种细胞类型，13日至15日，17间流动的影响。我们的做法，部分模仿使用类型的肿瘤基质微环境，我胶原和基底膜含有蛋白质发现在基底膜上皮组织和周围基质21-22。这个系统是相对容易的设置了，简单，更具成本比大多数微流体装置，用?…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Materials
| Name of the reagent | Company | Catalogue number | Comments |
| Collagen (Rat Tail) | BD | 354236 | Keep sterile |
| Millicell cell culture insert | Millipore | PI8P01250 | 8 μm pore diameter, polycarbonate membrane |
| Matrigel | BD | 354234 | Keep sterile |
| PBS | Sigma Aldrich | 100M-8202 | 10x for preparing gel solution, 1x for washing steps |
| Sodium Hydroxide, 1.0N Solution | Sigma Aldrich | S2770 | Keep sterile |
| DMEM 1X | CellGro | 10-013-CV | Keep sterile |
| Fetal Bovine Serum | Atlanta Biologicals | 511150 | Keep sterile |
| Penicillin Streptomycin | CellGro | 30002CI | Keep sterile |
| Triton X-100 | Sigma Aldrich | X100-500 ml | 0.5% in PBS |
| Paraformaldehyde | Fisher Scientific | 04042-500 | 4% in PBS |
| Deionized Water | Keep sterile | ||
| 4′,6-diaminido-2-phenylindole (DAPI) | MP Biomedicals | 0215757401 | 1 mg/ml stock solution |
| Mounting Solution | Thermo Scientific | TA-030-FM | |
| Trypsin-EDTA | CellGro | 25-052-CI | Keep sterile |
References
- Cichon, M. A. Microenvironmental influences that drive progression from benign breast disease to invasive breast cancer. J. Mammary Gland. Biol. Neoplasia. 15, 389-3897 (2010).
- Proia, D. A., Kuperwasser, C. Stroma: tumor agonist or antagonist. Cell Cycle. 4, 1022-1025 (2005).
- Dvorak, H. F. Tumor microenvironment and progression. J .Surg. Oncol. 103, 468-474 (2011).
- Provenzano, P. P. Collagen density promotes mammary tumor initiation and progression. BMC Med. 6, 11 (2008).
- Engler, A. J. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. Cell. 126, 677-689 (2006).
- Paszek, M. J. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell. 8, 241-254 (2005).
- Levental, K. R. Matrix crosslinking forces tumor progression by enhancing integrin signaling. Cell. 139, 891-906 (2009).
- Butler, T. P., Grantham, F. H., Gullino, P. M. Bulk transfer of fluid in the interstitial compartment of mammary tumors. Cancer Res. 35, 3084-3088 (1975).
- Dafni, H. Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor 165 drives peritumor interstitial convection and induces lymphatic drain: magnetic resonance imaging, confocal microscopy, and histological tracking of triple-labeled albumin. Cancer Res. 62, 6731-6739 (2002).
- Chary, S. R., Jain, R. K. Direct measurement of interstitial convection and diffusion of albumin in normal and neoplastic tissues by fluorescence photobleaching. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86, 5385-5389 (1989).
- Heldin, C. H. High interstitial fluid pressure – an obstacle in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 4, 806-813 (2004).
- Fukumura, D. Tumor microvasculature and microenvironment: novel insights through intravital imaging in pre-clinical models. Microcirculation. 17, 206-225 (2010).
- Shields, J. D. Autologous chemotaxis as a mechanism of tumor cell homing to lymphatics via interstitial flow and autocrine CCR7 signaling. Cancer Cell. 11, 526-538 (2007).
- Shieh, A. C. Tumor cell invasion is promoted by interstitial flow-induced matrix priming by stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 71, 790-800 (2011).
- Shi, Z. D., Wang, H., Tarbell, J. M. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate interstitial flow mechanotransduction regulating MMP-13 expression and cell motility via FAK-ERK in 3D collagen. PLoS One. 6, e15956 (2011).
- Fleury, M. E., Boardman, K. C., Swartz, M. A. Autologous morphogen gradients by subtle interstitial flow and matrix interactions. Biophys J. 91, 113-121 (2006).
- Miteva, D. O. Transmural flow modulates cell and fluid transport functions of lymphatic endothelium. Circ. Res. 106, 920-931 (2010).
- Ng, C. P., Hinz, B., Swartz, M. A. Interstitial fluid flow induces myofibroblast differentiation and collagen alignment in vitro. J. Cell. Sci. 118, 4731-4739 (2005).
- Kunder, C. A. Mast cell-derived particles deliver peripheral signals to remote lymph nodes. J. Exp. Med. 206, 2455-2467 (2009).
- Helm, C. L. Synergy between interstitial flow and VEGF directs capillary morphogenesis in vitro through a gradient amplification mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 15779-15784 (2005).
- McGuire, P. G., Seeds, N. W. The interaction of plasminogen activator with a reconstituted basement membrane matrix and extracellular macromolecules produced by cultured epithelial cells. J Cell Biochem. 40, 215-227 (1989).
- Kleinman, H. K. Isolation and characterization of type IV procollagen, laminin, and heparan sulfate proteoglycan from the EHS sarcoma. Biochemistry. 21, 6188-6193 (1982).
- Haessler, U. Migration dynamics of breast cancer cells in a tunable 3D interstitial flow chamber. Integr. Biol. (Camb). , (2011).
- Polacheck, W. J., Charest, J. L., Kamm, R. D. Interstitial flow influences direction of tumor cell migration through competing mechanisms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 11115-11120 (2011).
Tags
Three-dimensional Cell CultureInterstitial Fluid FlowTumor Cell InvasionTumor MicroenvironmentStroma-associated SignalingBiophysical ForcesMatrix DensityStiffnessStructureInterstitial Fluid PressureInterstitial Fluid Flow VelocityTumor-induced AngiogenesisVascular PermeabilityInvasion Of Cancer CellsAutologous Chemotactic GradientsMatrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) Expression
Cite This Article
Tchafa, A. M., Shah, A. D., Wang, S., Duong, M. T., Shieh, A. C. Three-dimensional Cell Culture Model for Measuring the Effects of Interstitial Fluid Flow on Tumor Cell Invasion. J. Vis. Exp. (65), e4159, doi:10.3791/4159 (2012).