Summary

Controllo neurale intra-operatoria della chirurgia della tiroide in un modello porcino

Published: February 11, 2019
doi:

Summary

Questo studio mira a sviluppare un protocollo standard di monitoraggio neurale intra-operatoria della chirurgia della tiroide in un modello porcino. Qui, presentiamo un protocollo per dimostrare l’anestesia generale, per confrontare diversi tipi di elettrodi e di indagare le caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche dei nervi laringei ricorrenti normale e feriti.

Abstract

Ferita intraoperative al nervo laringeo ricorrente (RLN) può causare paralisi delle corde vocali, che interferisce con il discorso e può potenzialmente interferire con la respirazione. Negli ultimi anni, il controllo neurale intraoperative (IONM) è stato ampiamente adattato come tecnica dell’aggiunta per localizzare il RLN, rilevare lesioni RLN e predire la funzione del cavo vocale durante le operazioni. Molti studi hanno usato anche modelli animali per studiare nuove applicazioni della tecnologia IONM e a sviluppare strategie affidabili per impedire la ferita intraoperative RLN. Lo scopo di questo articolo è quello di introdurre un protocollo standard per l’utilizzo di un modello porcino nella ricerca IONM. L’articolo illustra le procedure per l’induzione di anestesia generale, eseguire l’intubazione tracheale e disegno sperimentale per studiare le caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche delle lesioni RLN. Le applicazioni del presente protocollo possono migliorare efficacia complessiva nell’attuazione del principio di 3R (sostituzione, riduzione e perfezionamento) negli studi IONM porcini.

Introduction

Sebbene la tiroidectomia è ora una procedura comunemente effettuata in tutto il mondo, la disfunzione postoperatoria voce è ancora comune. Ferita intraoperative al nervo laringeo ricorrente (RLN) può causare paralisi delle corde vocali, che interferisce con il discorso e può potenzialmente interferire con la respirazione. Inoltre, ferita al ramo esterno del nervo laringeo superiore possa causare un cambiamento di voce principali che interessano pitch e proiezione vocale.

(IONM) controllo neurale intraoperative durante le operazioni della tiroide ha ottenuto grande popolarità come tecnica dell’aggiunta per la mappatura e confermando il RLN, il nervo vago (VN) e il ramo esterno del nervo laringeo superiore (EBSLN). Perché IONM è utile per la conferma e delucidare i meccanismi della ferita RLN e per rilevare le variazioni anatomiche nel RLN, può essere utilizzato per predire la funzione del cavo vocale dopo la tiroidectomia. Di conseguenza, IONM aggiunge una nuova dinamica funzionale nella chirurgia della tiroide e consente ai chirurghi con informazioni che non possono essere ottenuti tramite visualizzazione diretta da solo1,2,3,4,5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10.

Recentemente, molti studi prospettici hanno utilizzato modelli porcine per ottimizzare l’utilizzo della tecnologia IONM e stabilire strategie affidabili per prevenire intraoperative RLN lesioni11,12,13,14 ,15,16,17,18,19,20. Porcini modelli sono stati utilizzati anche per fornire agli operatori con essenziale istruzione e formazione in applicazioni cliniche di IONM.

Pertanto, la combinazione di modelli animali e IONM tecnologia è uno strumento prezioso per studiare la patofisiologia di RLN lesioni21. Lo scopo di questo articolo era di dimostrare l’uso di un modello porcino nella ricerca IONM. In particolare, l’articolo viene illustrato come per indurre l’anestesia generale, eseguire l’intubazione tracheale e impostare esperimenti per indagare le caratteristiche elettrofisiologiche di vari tipi di lesioni RLN.

Protocol

Esperimenti sugli animali sono stati approvati dal istituzionale Animal Care e uso Committee (IACUC) dell’Università di medicina di Kaohsiung, Taiwan (protocollo no: IACUC-102046, 104063, 105158). 1. anestesia e preparazione animale Modello animale porcinoNota: Questo studio applicato il protocollo descritto nella letteratura per stabilire un modello porcino prospettico di IONM11,12,13<…

Representative Results

Studio di elettrofisiologiaDati di previsione EMG, livello minimo/massimo dello stimolo e le curve di stimolo-rispostaUsando una stimolazione monopolare standard della sonda, il livello di stimolazione minima ottenuti per VN e RLN intervalli di stimolazione da 0,1 a 0,3 mA, rispettivamente. In generale, lo stimolo corrente correlato positivamente con il risultante EMG amplituderesponse11,17. L’ampiezza di EMG plat…

Discussion

Lesioni al RLN ed EBSLN rimane una fonte significativa di morbosità causato da chirurgia della tiroide. Fino a poco tempo, la ferita del nervo potrebbe essere identificata solo da visualizzazione diretta del trauma. L’utilizzo di IONM ora consente ulteriore identificazione funzionale del RLN applicando la stimolazione e la contrazione dei muscoli della destinazione di registrazione. Attualmente, tuttavia, sistemi IONM intermittente e continui convenzionali hanno alcune limitazioni tecniche nelle interpretazioni di falsi…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Questo studio è stato sostenuto da sovvenzioni da Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Università medica di Kaohsiung (KMUH106-6R49) e dal Ministero della scienza e della tecnologia (la maggior parte delle 106-2314-B-037-042-MY2.), Taiwan

Materials

Criticare systems nGenuity 8100E physiologic monitoring, including capnography, electrocardiography (ECG) and monitoring of oxygenation (SaO2)
Intraoperative NIM nerve monitoring systems Medtronic NIM-Response 3.0 monitor EMG activity from multiple muscles. If there is a change in nerve function, the NIM system may provide audible and visual warnings to help reduce the risk of nerve damage.
NIM TriVantage EMG Tube Medtronic 8229706 6 mm ID, 8.2 mm OD. The NIM TriVantage EMG Tube is a standard size, non-reinforced, DEHP-free PVC tube that features smooth, conductive silver ink electrodes and a cross-band to guide placement. It has reduced sensitivity to rotation and movement while offering increased EMG responses that facilitate improved nerve dissection.
NIM Contact Reinforced EMG Endotracheal Tube Medtronic 8229506 6 mm ID, 9 mm OD. The NIM Contact EMG Tube continuously monitors electromyography (EMG)
activity during surgery. An innovative design allows the tube to maintain contact,
even upon rotation. Vocal cords are more easily visible against the white band.
Recording electrode leads are twisted pair. Packaged sterile with one green and
one white subdermal needle. Single use.
NIM Standard Reinforced EMG Endotracheal Tube Medtronic 8229306 6 mm ID, 8.8 mm OD. The NIM Standard EMG Tube continuously monitors electromyography (EMG)
activity during surgery. Recording electrode leads are twisted pair. Packaged
sterile with one green and one white subdermal needle. Single use.
NIM Flex EMG Endotracheal Tube Medtronic 8229960 6 mm. The NIM Flex EMG Tube monitors vocal cord and recurrent laryngeal nerve EMG
activity during surgery. An updated, dual-channel design allows the tube to
maintain contact with the vocal cords, even upon rotation. Recording electrode
leads are twisted pair. Packaged sterile with one green and one white subdermal
needle. Single use.
Standard Prass Flush-Tip Monopolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225101 Tips and Handles. For locating and mapping cranial nerves in the surgical field, the single-use
Standard Prass Monopolar Stimulating Probe features a flush 0.5 mm tip
diameter. The probe is insulated to the tip to prevent current shunting. Individually
sterile packaged.
Ball-Tip Monopolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225275/ 8225276 Tip and Handle, 1.0 mm/ 2.3mm. Featuring a flexible ball tip and flexible shaft, the single-use Ball-Tip Monopolar
Stimulating Probe allows greater access to neural structures. The 1.0 mm tip
diameter allows atraumatic contact to larger neural structures. The probe is insulated
to the tip to prevent current shunting. Individually sterile packaged.
Yingling Flex Tip Monopolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225251 Tips and Handles. The highly flexible single-use Yingling Monopolar Stimulating Probe allows
stimulation in areas outside the surgeon’s field of view. The platinum-iridium wire
of the probe is fully insulated to the ball tip to prevent current shunting. Individually
sterile packaged with one green subdermal electrode.
Prass Bipolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225451 The single-use Prass Bipolar Stimulating Probe features a slim, flexible tip that
allows greater access to neural structures. The probe tip is 0.5 mm in distance
between cathode and anode for minimal shunting. Individually sterile packaged.
Concentric Bipolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225351 The single-use Concentric Bipolar Stimulating Probe features a 360°
contact area. Insulation is complete to the active tip; cables and handles are
polarized. Individually sterile packaged.
Side-by-Side Bipolar Stimulator Probe Medtronic 8225401 The single-use Side-by-Side Bipolar Stimulating Probe features probe tips that
are 1.3 mm apart, allowing neural structures to be stimulated between the tips.
Insulation is complete to the active tip; cables and handles are polarized.
Individually sterile packaged.
APS (Automatic Periodic Stimulation) Electrode* Medtronic 8228052 / 8228053 2 mm/ 3mm. The APS Electrode offers continuous, real-time monitoring. The electrode is placed
on the nerve and can provide early warning of a change in nerve function.
Neotrode ECG Electrodes ConMed 1741C-003 The electrode is made of a clear tape material, which allows for continuous observation of the patient's skin during monitoring.
LigaSure Small Jaw Medtronic LF1212 A FDA-approved
electrothermal bipolar vessel sealing system for surgery

References

  1. Randolph, G. W., et al. Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement. Laryngoscope. 121, S1-S16 (2011).
  2. Barczynski, M., et al. External branch of the superior laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: International Neural Monitoring Study Group standards guideline statement. Laryngoscope. 123, S1-S14 (2013).
  3. Chiang, F. Y., et al. The mechanism of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during thyroid surgery–the application of intraoperative neuromonitoring. Surgery. 143 (6), 743-749 (2008).
  4. Chiang, F. Y., et al. Standardization of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Operation. World Journal of Surgery. 34 (2), 223-229 (2010).
  5. Chiang, F. Y., et al. Anatomical variations of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery: how to identify and handle the variations with intraoperative neuromonitoring. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 26 (11), 575-583 (2010).
  6. Chiang, F. Y., et al. Intraoperative neuromonitoring for early localization and identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 26 (12), 633-639 (2010).
  7. Chiang, F. Y., et al. Detecting and identifying nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve with the application of intraoperative neuromonitoring during thyroid and parathyroid operation. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 33 (1), 1-5 (2012).
  8. Wu, C. W., et al. Vagal nerve stimulation without dissecting the carotid sheath during intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Head Neck. 35 (10), 1443-1447 (2013).
  9. Wu, C. W., et al. Loss of signal in recurrent nerve neuromonitoring: causes and management. Gland Surgery. 4 (1), 19-26 (2015).
  10. Wu, C. W., et al. Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury with incomplete loss of electromyography signal during monitored thyroidectomy-evaluation and outcome. Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery. 402 (4), 691-699 (2017).
  11. Wu, C. W., et al. Investigation of optimal intensity and safety of electrical nerve stimulation during intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: a prospective porcine model. Head Neck. 32 (10), 1295-1301 (2010).
  12. Lu, I. C., et al. A comparison between succinylcholine and rocuronium on the recovery profile of the laryngeal muscles during intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: A prospective porcine model. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences. 29 (9), 484-487 (2013).
  13. Wu, C. W., et al. Intraoperative neuromonitoring for the early detection and prevention of RLN traction injury in thyroid surgery: A porcine model. Surgery. 155 (2), 329-339 (2014).
  14. Lin, Y. C., et al. Electrophysiologic monitoring correlates of recurrent laryngeal nerve heat thermal injury in a porcine model. Laryngoscope. 125 (8), E283-E290 (2015).
  15. Wu, C. W., et al. Recurrent laryngeal nerve safety parameters of the Harmonic Focus during thyroid surgery: Porcine model using continuous monitoring. Laryngoscope. 125 (12), 2838-2845 (2015).
  16. Dionigi, G., et al. Severity of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injuries in Thyroid Surgery. World Journal of Surgery. 40 (6), 1373-1381 (2016).
  17. Wu, C. W., et al. Optimal stimulation during monitored thyroid surgery: EMG response characteristics in a porcine model. Laryngoscope. 127 (4), 998-1005 (2017).
  18. Dionigi, G., et al. Safety of LigaSure in recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection-porcine model using continuous monitoring. Laryngoscope. 127 (7), 1724-1729 (2017).
  19. Lu, I. C., et al. Safety of high-current stimulation for intermittent intraoperative neural monitoring in thyroid surgery: A porcine model. Laryngoscope. , (2018).
  20. Lu, I. C., et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex allows for optimization of neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Laryngoscope. 126 (4), 1014-1019 (2016).
  21. Wu, C. -. W., et al. Intraoperative neural monitoring in thyroid surgery: lessons learned from animal studies. Gland Surgeryery. 5 (5), 473-480 (2016).
  22. Lu, I. C., et al. Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex allows for optimization of neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Laryngoscope. , (2016).
  23. Scott, A. R., Chong, P. S., Brigger, M. T., Randolph, G. W., Hartnick, C. J. Serial electromyography of the thyroarytenoid muscles using the NIM-response system in a canine model of vocal fold paralysis. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 118 (1), 56-66 (2009).
  24. Puram, S. V., et al. Vocal cord paralysis predicted by neural monitoring electrophysiologic changes with recurrent laryngeal nerve compressive neuropraxic injury in a canine model. Head Neck. 38, E1341-E1350 (2016).
  25. Puram, S. V., et al. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle electrophysiologic changes are predictive of vocal cord paralysis with recurrent laryngeal nerve compressive injury in a canine model. Laryngoscope. 126 (12), 2744-2751 (2016).
  26. Brauckhoff, K., et al. Injury mechanisms and electromyographic changes after injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Experiments in a porcine model. Head Neck. 40 (2), 274-282 (2018).
  27. Brauckhoff, K., Aas, T., Biermann, M., Husby, P. EMG changes during continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring with sustained recurrent laryngeal nerve traction in a porcine model. Langenbeck’s Archives of Surgery. 402 (4), 675-681 (2017).
  28. Schneider, R., et al. A new vagal anchor electrode for real-time monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The American Journal of Surgery. 199 (4), 507-514 (2010).
  29. Kim, H. Y., et al. Impact of positional changes in neural monitoring endotracheal tube on amplitude and latency of electromyographic response in monitored thyroid surgery: Results from the Porcine Experiment. Head Neck. 38, E1004-E1008 (2016).
  30. Sterpetti, A. V., De Toma, G., De Cesare, A. Recurrent laryngeal nerve: its history. World Journal of Surgery. 38 (12), 3138-3141 (2014).
  31. Kaplan, E. L., Salti, G. I., Roncella, M., Fulton, N., Kadowaki, M. History of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: from Galen to Lahey. World Journal of Surgery. 33 (3), 386-393 (2009).
  32. Lu, I. C., et al. In response to Reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex allows for optimization of neural monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Laryngoscope. 127 (1), e51-e52 (2017).
check_url/57919?article_type=t

Play Video

Cite This Article
Wu, C., Huang, T., Chen, H., Chen, H., Tsai, T., Chang, P., Lin, Y., Tseng, H., Hun, P., Liu, X., Sun, H., Randolph, G. W., Dionigi, G., Chiang, F., Lu, I. Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model. J. Vis. Exp. (144), e57919, doi:10.3791/57919 (2019).

View Video