Summary

通过子宫电位对脑神经祖细胞进行神经祖细胞的振动定位

Published: May 06, 2020
doi:

Summary

这里介绍的是一个方案,用于在胚胎雪铁龙大脑中使用子宫电穿孔进行基因操作。此方法允许在体内神经祖细胞靶向神经祖细胞。

Abstract

在胚胎发育过程中,在体内操作基因表达是分析个体基因在哺乳动物发育中的作用时的首选方法。在子宫电穿孔是一种关键技术,用于操纵胚胎哺乳动物大脑体内的基因表达。这里介绍了一种用于子宫电穿孔的子宫电穿孔的龙肉,一种小型食肉动物。雪铁龙正越来越多地被用作新皮质发育的模型,因为它的新皮质表现出一系列解剖、组织学、细胞和分子特征,这些特征也存在于人类和非人类灵长类动物中,但在啮齿动物模型中却不存在,如小鼠或大鼠。在子宫电穿孔是在胚胎日(E)33,在雪铁龙的中创阶段进行。在子宫电穿孔中,目标是脑的横向心室内的神经祖细胞。在神经生成过程中,这些祖细胞产生所有其他神经细胞类型。本工作显示了E37、产后日(P)1和P16的代表性结果和分析,分别对应于子宫电穿孔后4天、9天和24天。在早期阶段,靶向细胞的后代主要由各种神经祖细胞子型组成,而在后期阶段,大多数标记的细胞是后位神经元。因此,在子宫电穿孔中,可以研究基因操纵对各类神经细胞的细胞和分子特征的影响。通过它对各种细胞群的影响,在子宫电穿孔也可用于操纵组理学和解剖特征的雪铁龙新皮质。重要的是,所有这些影响都是急性的,并且由用户确定时空特异性。

Introduction

新皮质是哺乳动物大脑的外层,,是认知功能1、2、3、4、52,34的更高认知功能。1为了在胚胎发育过程中在体内哺乳动物新皮质中实现急性基因操作,探索了两种不同的方法:病毒感染6和子宫电穿孔7。这两种方法都允许有效定位新皮质细胞,但存在一些限制。与病毒感染相比,子宫电穿孔的主要优点是能够实现新皮质内的空间特异性,这是通过调节电场方向来实现的。

自从电穿孔首次被证明有助于DNA进入体外8细胞以来,它已被应用到体内的各种脊椎动物中传递DNA。在发育神经科学中,在小鼠新皮质的子宫电穿孔中,第一次报告于2001,9,10。该方法包括注射胚胎脑横向心室的DNA混合物,以及随后使用钳子电极应用电场,从而允许空间精度,7,11。在子宫电穿孔已应用提供核酸,以操纵内源或异位添加基因在小鼠新皮质的表达。最近,通过应用CRISPR/Cas9的细胞基在小鼠新皮质中通过子宫电穿孔进行基因组编辑的方法,在后细胞12、13和神经,祖细胞14、(2)基因组15和表观基因组16编辑中执行(1)基因破坏,取得了重要进展。13

在小鼠首次报告后不久,在子宫电穿孔中应用于胚胎鼠新皮质17,18。,18非啮齿动物仍然是一个挑战,直到第一次在子宫电穿孔雪铁龙,一种小型食肉动物,在2012年19,20。19,此后,在铁杉的子宫电穿孔中,通过标记神经祖细胞,和神经元,,20、21、22、23、操纵内源基因的表达,包括使用CRISPR/Cas9技术24,以及传递异位基因22,23,2121、22、25,包括人类特异性25基因2226,应用于研究新皮质发育21的机制。此外,在子宫电穿孔的雪铁龙已被用来解决人类新皮质发育的特点在病理条件27,28。27,

在新皮质发育的背景下,与小鼠相比,使用雪铁龙作为模型有机体的优点是,雪铁龙可以更好地概括一系列人类特征。在解剖层面,雪铁龙表现出皮质折叠的特征模式,这种折叠在人类和大多数其他灵长类动物中也存在,但在,小鼠或大鼠4、29、30、31,29,30完全不存在。在组织学层面,雪铁龙有两个不同的辅助细菌区,分别称为内缘和外侧补助区(ISVZ和OSVZ)32、33,由内纤维层32,3323隔开。这些功能也与灵长类动物共享,包括人类,但不是与小鼠34。雪铁龙和人类中的 ISVZ 和 OSVZ 都含有丰富的神经祖细胞,而小鼠的辅助区 (SVZ) 只含有稀疏的神经祖细胞 21、32、35、36。21,32,35,36在细胞水平上,雪铁龙表现出称为基底或外径向胶质(bRG或oRG)的神经祖细胞亚型的高比例,这些亚型被认为有助于哺乳动物新皮质34、37、38,37,的进化扩张。因此,bRG在胎儿人类和胚胎雪铁龙新皮质中非常丰富,但它们在胚胎小鼠新皮质35,36,中是非常罕见的。此外,雪铁龙bRG显示形态异质性类似于人类bRG,远远优于小鼠bRG21。最后,在分子水平上,发展雪铁龙新皮质显示基因表达模式与胎儿人类新皮质非常相似,假定它们能够控制皮质折叠的发展,除其他外,39。

雪铁龙bRG的细胞生物学和分子特性使其具有很高的增殖性,类似于人类bRG。这导致神经元的产生增加和扩展和高度复杂的新皮质34的发展。这些特性使雪铁龙成为研究新皮质发育的人类特征的优秀模型生物,这种特征在小鼠26、40,中无法建模。为了充分利用雪铁龙作为模型有机体,提出了该方法。它包括E33雪铁龙胚胎的子宫电穿孔与质粒表达GFP(pGFP)在一个无处不在的启动子CAG的控制之下。然后,可以胚胎或产后对电穿孔胚胎进行分析。为了减少牺牲动物的数量,雌性雪铁龙(吉尔)通过子宫切除术进行绝育,并捐赠给宠物收养。如果目标胚胎在胚胎阶段收获,则进行第二次手术,通过剖腹产切除胚胎,而小鼠被子宫切除。如果在产后阶段分析目标胚胎,在幼崽被洗奶或牺牲后,这些幼崽被子宫切除。因此,还提出了一个用于吉尔的子宫切除术的协议。

Protocol

所有实验程序都是与德国动物福利立法的一致,经土地福利法(TVV 2/2015和TVV 21/2017号许可)批准后进行。 1. 子宫电穿孔的准备 准备DNA混合物。在此协议中,使用 1 μg/μL 的 pGFP 最终浓度。将DNA溶解在PBS中,并补充0.1%的快速绿色,以方便可视化。一旦准备好,通过上下移液几次或用手指敲击混合DNA混合物。储存在室温下,直到使用。注:对于共电体,DNA混合物准备?…

Representative Results

在E33的雪铁龙的子宫电穿孔中,导致在胚胎新皮质的心室表面内衬的神经祖细胞瞄准(图1)。这些细胞被称为脂肪祖细胞,并且是高度增殖的,在发育过程中产生所有其他细胞类型。在不对称分裂时,脂肪祖体产生另一个蛋白亲和一个更分化的细胞,通常是基底祖代(BP),从心室表面去层。BPs 迁移到辅助细菌区 SVZ。当电穿孔在E33进行时,许多新生的BPs迁移到SVZ的最基础?…

Discussion

在铁的子宫电穿孔是一种重要的技术,与其他方法相比,有优缺点。此方法有关键步骤和限制,以及潜在的修改和未来的应用程序需要记住。

自从维克多·博雷尔,及其同事在通过电穿孔或病毒注射35、42、43,42对产后雪铁龙新皮质进行基因操作方面进行开创性工作以来,雪铁龙已成为一种基因可访问的模型?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

我们感谢马克斯·普朗克分子细胞生物学和遗传学研究所的服务和设施所提供的出色支持,特别是生物医学服务 (BMS) 的整个团队为雪铁龙和 J. Peychl 及其光显微镜设施团队的出色饲养。我们特别感谢英国医学会的卡特林·雷佩和安娜·普费弗提供出色的兽医支持,以及赫特纳集团的雷星协助雪铁龙手术。

Materials

1ml syringe BD 309628 Electroporation
4-0 Vicryl suture Ethicon V392ZG Surgery
Aluminium spray cp-pharma 98017 Surgery
Amoxicilin+clavulanic acid (Synulox RTU) WDT 6301 Surgery
Cappilary holder WPI MPH6S12 Electroporation
Dexpanthenol Ointment solution Bayer 6029009.00.00 Surgery
Drape sheet 45x75cm Hartmann 2513052 Surgery
Electrode Tweezer, platinum plated 5mm BTX 45-0489 Electroporation
Electroporator BTX ECM830 Electroporation
Fast Green Sigma F7258-25G Electroporation
Ferret Mustela putorius furo Marshall NA Experimental organism
Fiber optic light source Olympus KL1500LCD Electroporation
Forceps Allgaier instrumente 08-033-130 Surgery
Forceps 3C-SA Rubis Tech 3C-SA Surgery
Forceps 55 Dumostar 11295-51 Surgery
Forceps 5-SA Rubis Tech 5-SA Surgery
Gauze swabs large Hartmann 401723 Surgery
Gauze swabs small Hartmann 401721 Surgery
GFAP antibody Dako Z0334 Antibody
GFP antibody Aves labs GFP1020 Antibody
Glass cappilaries (Borosilicate glass with filament, OD:1.2mm, ID: 0.69mm, 10cm length) Sutter Instrument BF120-69-10 Electroporation
Glucose Bela-pharm K4011-02 Surgery
Heat pad Hans Dinslage Sanitas SHK18 Surgery
Iodine (Betadine solution 100 mg/ml) Meda 997437 Surgery
Isofluran CP 21311 Surgery
Loading tips 20µl Eppendorf #5242 956.003 Electroporation
Metamizol WDT 99012 Surgery
Metzenbaum dissecting scissors Aesculap BC600R Surgery
Micropipette puller Sutter Instrument Model P-97 Electroporation
pCAGGS-GFP NA NA From Kalebic et al., eLife, 2018
PCNA antibody Millipore CBL407 Antibody
pH3 antibody Abcam ab10543 Antibody
Scalpel Aesculap 294200104 Surgery
Shaver Braun EP100 Surgery
Sox2 antibody R+D Systems AF2018 Antibody
Surgical clamp 13cm WDT 27080 Surgery
Surgical double spoon (Williger) WDT 27232 Surgery
Surgical drape WDT 28800 Surgery
Surgical scissors small FST 14090-09 Surgery
Suturing needle holder Aesculap BM149R Surgery
Tbr2 antibody Abcam ab23345 Antibody
Transfer pipette 3ml Fischer scientific 13439108 Surgery
Water bath Julabo TW2 Surgery

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Cite This Article
Kalebic, N., Langen, B., Helppi, J., Kawasaki, H., Huttner, W. B. In Vivo Targeting of Neural Progenitor Cells in Ferret Neocortex by In Utero Electroporation. J. Vis. Exp. (159), e61171, doi:10.3791/61171 (2020).

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