Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Summary

Here, we describe an optimized direct reprogramming system for melanocytes and a high-efficiency, concentrated virus packaging system that ensures smooth direct reprogramming.

Abstract

The loss of function of melanocytes leads to vitiligo, which seriously affects the physical and mental health of the affected individuals. Presently, there is no effective long-term treatment for vitiligo. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a convenient and effective treatment for vitiligo. Regenerative medicine technology for direct reprogramming of skin cells into melanocytes seems to be a promising novel treatment of vitiligo. This involves the direct reprogramming of the patient’s skin cells into functional melanocytes to help ameliorate the loss of melanocytes in patients with vitiligo. However, this method needs to be first tested on mice. Although direct reprogramming is widely used, there is no clear protocol for direct reprogramming into melanocytes. Moreover, the number of available transcription factors is overwhelming.

Here, a concentrated lentivirus packaging system protocol is presented to produce transcription factors selected for reprogramming skin cells to melanocytes, including Sox10, Mitf, Pax3, Sox2, Sox9, and Snai2. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were infected with the concentrated lentivirus for all these transcription factors for the direct reprogramming of the MEFs into induced melanocytes (iMels) in vitro. Furthermore, these transcription factors were screened, and the system was optimized for direct reprogramming to melanocytes. The expression of the characteristic markers of melanin in iMels at the gene or protein level was significantly increased. These results suggest that direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to melanocytes could be a successful new therapeutic strategy for vitiligo and confirm the mechanism of melanocyte development, which will provide the basis for further direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into melanocytes in vivo.

Introduction

Vitiligo is a skin disease that seriously affects the physical and mental health of the affected individuals. For various reasons, including metabolic abnormalities, oxidative stress, generation of inflammatory mediators, cell detachment, and autoimmune response, the functional melanocytes are lost, and the secretion of melanin is stopped, leading to the development of vitiligo^1,2. This condition occurs widely and is particularly problematic on the face. The main treatment is the systemic use of corticosteroids and immunomodulators. Phototherapy can be used for systemic or local diseases, and there are surgical treatments, such as perforated skin transplantation and autologous melanocyte transplantation^3,4,5. However, patients who use drug therapy and phototherapy are prone to relapse, and these treatments have poor long-term therapeutic effects. Surgical treatment is traumatic and only moderately effective^2,6. Therefore, a new and effective therapeutic strategy is needed for vitiligo.

The reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reverses these cells from their terminal state to a pluripotent state, a process mediated by the transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc⁷. However, due to the possibility of tumorigenicity and the long production time, this technology has been met with skepticism when applied to clinical settings⁸. Direct reprogramming is a technology that makes one type of a terminal cell transform into another type of a terminal cell⁹. This process is achieved by suitable transcription factors. Various cells have already been directly reprogrammed successfully, including cardiomyocytes¹⁰, neurons¹¹, and cochlear hair cells¹². Some researchers have even reprogrammed skin tissue directly in situ, which can be used for wound repair¹³. The advantages of direct reprogramming include reduced wait times and costs, lower risk of cancer, fewer ethical problems, and a better understanding of the mechanism underlying cell fate determination⁹.

Although the direct reprogramming method is widely used, there is currently no definite method for the direct reprogramming of skin cells into melanocytes, especially because of the numerous transcription factors to be considered^14,15. The transcription factors, Mitf, Sox10, and Pax3, have been used for direct reprogramming of skin cells into melanocytes¹⁴. In contrast, the combination of MITF, PAX3, SOX2, and SOX9 has also been used for direct reprogramming of skin cells into human melanocytes in another study¹⁵. In this protocol, despite the use of a different screening method, the same result was obtained with the combination of Mitf, Sox10, and Pax3 for direct reprogramming of skin cells into melanocytes as described previously¹⁴. Developing a system to generate melanocytes from other skin cells can provide a scheme for transforming other skin cells of vitiligo patients into melanocytes. Hence, it is crucial to construct a simple and efficient method for this direct reprogramming to generate melanocytes successfully.

Protocol

This work was approved by the Laboratory Animal Management and Use Committee at Jiangsu University (UJS-IACUC-AP–20190305010). The experiments were performed in strict accordance with the standards established by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International). There were no experiments involving humans, so this work did not need approval from the human research ethics committee. Refer to the Table of Materials for details about reagents.</…

Representative Results

This article includes the protocols of a concentrated lentivirus packaging system to produce lentivirus of transcription factors for direct reprogramming of fibroblasts to melanocytes and protocols for screening for transcription factors and direct reprogramming of melanocytes from MEFs. The success of concentrated lentivirus production was evaluated by observing the fluorescence intensity of GFP (Figure 1A) or by flow cytometry (Figure 1B</st…

Discussion

The quality of the virus is crucial for the success of direct reprogramming to melanocytes in this protocol. The method of packaging and concentrating viruses in this protocol is simple and easy to repeat and does not rely on any other auxiliary concentrated reagent. This protocol can be followed successfully in most laboratories. To ensure the quality of the concentrated virus, the following points need special attention. One is the cell status of HEK-293T. Although HEK-293T cells are immortalized cells, the cells used …

Materials

0.05% Trypsin-EDTA	Gibco	25300-062	Stored at -20 °C
0.45 μM filter	Millipore	SLHVR33RB
5 mL polystyrene round bottom tube	Falcon	352052
95%/100% ethanol	LANBAO	210106	Stored at RT
Adenine	Sigma	A2786	Stock concentration 40 mg/mL Final concentration 24 µg/mL
Alexa Fluor 555 Goat anti-Mouse IgG2a	Invitrogen	A21137	Dilution of 1:500 to use
Antibiotics(Pen/Strep)	Gibco	15140-122	Stored at -20 °C
Anti-TRP1/TYRP1 Antibody	Millipore	MABC592	Host/Isotype: Mouse IgG2a Species reactivity: Mouse/Human Dilution of 1:200 to use
Anti-TRP2/DCT Antibody	Abcam	ab74073	Host/Isotype: Rabbit IgG Species reactivity: Mouse/Human Dilution of 1:200 to use
CHIR99021	Stemgent	04-0004	Stock concentration 10 mM Final concentration 3 μM
Cholera toxin	Sigma	C8052	Stock concentration 0.3 mg/mL Final concentration 20 pM
Cy3 Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L)	Jackson Immunoresearch	111-165-144	Dilution of 1:500 to use
DMEM (High glucose)	HyClone	SH30243.01	Stored at 4 °C
DMSO	Sigma	D2650	Stored at RT
FBS	Gibco	10270-106	Stored at -20 °C Heat-inactivated before use
Gelatin	Sigma	G9391	Stored at RT
GFP-PURO plasmids (Mitf, Sox10, Pax3, Sox2, Sox9 and Snai2)	Hanheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd.	pHBLPm003198 pHBLPm001143 pHBLPm002968 pHBLPm002981 pHBLPm004348 pHBLPm000325	Stored at -20 °C
Hematoxylin	Abcam	ab220365	Stored at RT
Human EDN3	American-Peptide	88-5-10A	Stock concentration 100 μM Final concentration 0.1 μM
Hydrocortisone	Sigma	H0888	Stock concentration 100 µg/mL Final concentration 0.5 µg/mL
L-DOPA	Sigma	D9628	Stored at RT
Lipofectamine 2000	Invitrogen	11668-019	Transfection reagent, stored at 4 °C
Masson-Fontana staining kit	Solarbio	G2032	Stored at 4 °C
Neutral balsam	Solarbio	G8590	Stored at 4 °C
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	P6148	Stored at RT
PBS (-)	Gibco	C10010500BT	Stored at RT
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)	Sigma	P8139	Stock concentration 1 mM Final concentration 200 nM
Polybrene	Sigma	H9268	cationic polymeric transfection reagent; Stock concentration 8 μg/µL Final concentration 4 ng/µL
Puromycin	Gibco	A11138-03	Stored at -20 °C
Recombinant human bFGF	Invitrogen	13256-029	Stock concentration 4 μg/mL Final concentration 10 ng/mL
Recombinant human insulin	Sigma	I3536	Stock concentration 10 mg/mL Final concentration 5 µg/mL
Recombinant human SCF	R&D	255-SC-010	Stock concentration 200 μg/mL Final concentration 100 ng/mL
RPMI-1640	Gibco	11875-093	Stored at 4 °C
Xylene	Sigma	1330-20-7	Stored at RT