Isolering og dyrkning af vestibulær og spiralganglionsomata fra neonatale gnavere til patch-clamp-optagelser
Summary
Her præsenteres metoder, der giver detaljerede instruktioner til dissekering, dissociering, dyrkning og patch-clamp-optagelse fra vestibulær ganglion og spiralganglionneuroner i det indre øre.
Abstract
Den kompakte morfologi af isolerede og dyrkede ganglionneuroner i det indre øre muliggør detaljerede karakteriseringer af ionkanalerne og neurotransmitterreceptorerne, der bidrager til cellediversitet på tværs af denne population. Denne protokol skitserer de trin, der er nødvendige for vellykket dissekering, dissociering og kortvarig dyrkning af somata af bipolære neuroner i det indre øre med henblik på patch-clamp-optagelser. Detaljerede instruktioner til fremstilling af vestibulære ganglionneuroner er forsynet med de nødvendige modifikationer, der er nødvendige til plettering af spiralganglionneuroner. Protokollen indeholder instruktioner til udførelse af helcelle patch-clamp-optagelser i perforeret patch-konfigurationen. Eksempelresultater, der karakteriserer spændingsklemmeoptagelserne af hyperpolariseringsaktiverede cykliske nukleotid-gated (HCN)-medierede strømme, fremhæver stabiliteten af perforeret patch-optagelseskonfiguration sammenlignet med den mere standard ruptured-patch-konfiguration. Kombinationen af disse metoder, isolerede somata plus perforerede patch-clamp-optagelser, kan bruges til at studere cellulære processer, der kræver lange, stabile optagelser og bevarelse af intracellulært miljø, såsom signalering gennem G-proteinkoblede receptorer.
Introduction
De bipolære neuroner i vestibulocochlear nerven forbinder de sensoriske hårceller i det indre øre til hjernestammen. De er de vigtigste bærere af information om lyd og hovedbevægelser; Skader på disse vigtige celler fører til døvhed og balanceforstyrrelser. De vestibulære og auditive dele af nerven består hver især af forskellige celletyper, der er morfologisk og funktionelt forskellige 1,2. I det vestibulære system skyder to afferente subpopulationer spontant med intervaller, der enten er regelmæssige eller uregelmæssige2. Afferent spike timing menes at afspejle en underliggende mangfoldighed i ionkanalsammensætning 3,4. I det auditive system er der to hovedunderpopulationer af spiralganglionneuroner (SGN’er); Mens type I SGN’er kommer i kontakt med individuelle indre hårceller5, kommer type II SGN’er i kontakt med flere ydre hårceller5. In vitro-optagelser fra semiintakte og organotypiske kulturer tyder på forskelle i membranegenskaberne af type I og type II SGN 6,7.
Mange ionkanaler og neurotransmitterreceptorer, der findes ved terminalerne af disse neuroner, findes også i deres cellelegemer. Som sådan kan kulturer af den isolerede vestibulære og spiralganglionsomata studeres in vitro for at forstå, hvordan ionkanaler og neurotransmitterreceptorer bidrager til responsen af disse neuroner. Den kompakte morfologi af de isolerede cellelegemer muliggør elektriske optagelser af høj kvalitet, der er egnede til detaljeret karakterisering af spændingsstyrede ionkanaler og neurotransmitterreceptorer. Nem adgang til en repræsentativ række neuronundertyper giver mulighed for high-throughput analyse af cellediversitet.
Denne artikel præsenterer en metode til isolering og dyrkning af dissocierede ganglioncellelegemer fra den overordnede del af den vestibulære ganglion hos rotter på postnatal dag (P)9 til P20. Der gives også forslag til udvidelse af disse metoder til spiralganglion ud over de trin, der kræves for vellykket ekstraktion, dissociering og plettering af ganglioncellerne. Disse metoder er en videreudvikling af dem, der er udtænkt i publikationer fra forskellige laboratorier 8,9,10. Også inkluderet i dette papir er vejledning til udvælgelse af sunde celler til patch-clamp optagelser.
Endelig skitserer protokollen proceduren for patch-clamp-optagelse ved hjælp af perforeret patch-konfiguration11. Selvom konfigurationen med perforeret patch er mere tidskrævende og mere teknisk udfordrende end den mere almindelige ruptured-patch-konfiguration, er den bedre til at opretholde det cytoplasmatiske miljø, der giver mulighed for lange og stabile optagelsessessioner. Fordelene ved denne optagelseskonfiguration illustreres her gennem den forbedrede stabilitet af hyperpolarisationsaktiverede kationiske strømme i perforeret patch i forhold til bristede patch-optagelser.
Denne protokol er organiseret i fem sektioner. Afsnit 1-3 beskriver løsninger og værktøjer, der kan forberedes og opbevares på forhånd. Afsnit 4 beskriver trinene til dissekering og plettering af vestibulære og SGN’er. Afsnit 5 beskriver trinene til optagelse fra neuronerne efter en periode i kultur. I vores hænder udføres afsnit 4 og afsnit 5 over en periode på 2 på hinanden følgende dage.
Protocol
Representative Results
Discussion
De metoder, der præsenteres her, er specifikke for optagelser fra isolerede neuroner; Tidligere undersøgelser har fokuseret på optagelser fra axonterminaler i et semi-intakt præparat. Sammenlignet med eksisterende terminaloptagelsesteknikker tilbyder isolerede optagelser overlegen rumklemme og iso-potentiel adfærd. Derudover giver denne protokol adgang til en bredere prøve af neuroner, da kun calyxbærende subpopulationer er tilgængelige i semi-intakte optagelser af den vestibulære epitel. Endelig giver isolerede…
Disclosures
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Vi anerkender Dr. Jing Bing Xue og Ruth Anne Eatock for deres tidlige bidrag til disse metoder. Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH NIDCD R03 DC012652 og NIH NIDCD DC012653S, og R01 DC0155512 til RK og T32 DC009975 til DB, NN og KR.
Materials
| Amphotericin | Sigma-Aldrich | A4888-100MG | For perforated patch recordings. |
| ATP di-sodium | Sigma-Aldrich | A7699 | Additive to internal solution |
| B27 Supplement (50x), serum free | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 17504044 | additive to culture medium, for SGN |
| Beakers (1000, 100, 10) milliliter | |||
| bench-top centrifuge | USA Scientific | 2641-0016 | |
| Bunsen burner | |||
| CaCl2 | J.T. Baker | 1311-01 | Additive to internal solution |
| Collagenase | Sigma-Aldrich | C5318 | one out of three enzyme to digest tissue |
| Coverglass, rectangular, #1 thickness, 22×40 | Warner Instruments | 64-0707 | |
| DMSO | Biotium | 90082 | |
| Dnase I,from bovine pancreas | Sigma-Aldrich | 11284932001 | one out of three enzyme to digest tissue |
| Dumont #3 Forceps (Blunt) | Fine Science Tools | 11231-30 | |
| Dumont #5 Forceps (Fine) | Fine Science Tools | 11251-10 | |
| Dumont #55 Forceps (Fine) | Fine Science Tools | 11255-20 | |
| EGTA | Sigma-Aldrich | E0396 | Additive to internal solution |
| Electrode Puller | Narashige | PC-10 | |
| Epi-illumination light source | Zeiss | CL 1500 ECO | |
| Ethanol | Decon Labs | 2716 | for cleaning head and around dissection bench |
| Filamented Borosilicate Capillaries for electrodes | Sutter Instruments | BF140-117-10 | |
| Fine-edged dissection blade | Fine Science Tools | 10010-00 | |
| Glass Pasteur Pipettes | VWR | 14673-010 | to pull trituration pipettes |
| Heat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 16140063 | additive to culture medium |
| HEPES | Sigma-Aldrich | H3375-100G | for pH buffering all solutions in protocol |
| Hot plate / magnetic stirrers | VWR | 76549-914 | |
| Insulated bucket filled with ice | to keep all samples and solutions cool | ||
| K2SO4, Potassium Sulfate | Sigma Aldrich | P9458-250G | Additive to internal solution |
| KCl | Sigma-Aldrich | P93333 | Additive to internal solution |
| KOH (1 M) | Honeywell | 319376-500ML | To bring internal solution to desired pH. |
| Large Spring Scissors | Fine Science Tools | 14133-13 | |
| Leibovitz medium | Sigma Aldrich | L4386 | dissection and bath solutions |
| Low-profile-bath recording chamber for culture dishes | Warner Instruments | 64-0236 | |
| luer-lok syringes, 30 ml | BD | 302832 | for drawing L-15/HEPES/HEPES solution. |
| MEM + Glutamax Supplement | Fisher Scientific | 41-090-101 | base of the culture medium |
| MgCl2-Hexahydrate | Sigma-Aldrich | M1028 | Additive to internal solution |
| microFil needle for filling micropipettes – 34 gauge | World Precision Instruments | MF34G | |
| Microforge | Narashige | MF-90 | For electrode polishing. |
| N2 Supplement (100x) | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 17502-048 | additiive to culture medium, for SGN |
| NaCl | Sigma-Aldrich | S7653 | Additive to internal solution |
| NaOH (1 M) | Thomas Scientific | 319511-500ML | for titration pH |
| Osmometer | Advanced Instruments Inc. | 3320 | |
| Oxygen, Medical grade, with adequate regulator and tubing | USC Material Management | MEDOX200 (Identifier: 00015) | for dissolving into dissection and bath solutions |
| Parafilm | Bemis | PM992 | |
| Pasteur pipette bulb (3 ml) | Fisher Scientific | 03-448-25 | bulb for trituration pipettes |
| Penicillin/Streptomycin | Thermo Fisher Scientific | 15140122 | additive to prevent contamination of culture medium |
| Pentobarbital based euthanasia solution (e.g., Fatal Plus. 50 – 60 mg/kg dosing) | MWI Animal Health | 15199 | for euthanasia |
| PES membrane filters , 0.2 micrometer | Nalgene | 566-0020 | for filtering solutions |
| PES membrane sterile syringe filters, 0.22 um, 30 mm | CELLTREAT | 229747 | for filtering solutions drawn into syringes |
| Petri dishes, 35 x 10 mm | Genessee Scientific | 32-103 | for micro dissection and to hold Tip dip solution in perforated-patch configuration |
| Petri Dishes, 60 x 15 mm | Midland Scientific | P7455 | for gross dissection |
| pH Meter | Mettler Toledo | Model S20 | |
| Pipettors (1000, 200, 10) microliter | USA Scientific | ||
| Poly-d-lysine coated glass bottomed culture dish | Mattek | P35GC-0-10-C | to plate neurons for culture |
| Quick change platform, heated base, for 35 mm culture dishes | Warner Instruments | 64-0375 | |
| Reference Cell | World Precision Instruments | RC1T | |
| Scalpel blade | Miltex | 4-315 | |
| Scalpel Handle | Fine Science Tools | 10003-12 | |
| Scientific Scale | Mettler Toledo | XS64 | |
| Serological Pipettes (10, 25) milliliter | Fisher Scientific | ||
| Silicone Grease Kit (for sealing coverglass and chamber) | Warner Instruments | 64-0378 | |
| Small Animal Guillotine | Kent Scientific | DCAP | |
| Small animal guillotine | Kent Scientific | DCAP | for decapitation if dissecting rats older than P15. |
| Stereo Dissection Microscope | Zeiss | Stemi 2000 | |
| Straight surgical scissors | Fine Science Tools | 14060-09 | |
| Syringe (3, 10, 30) milliliter | |||
| Trypsin | Sigma Aldrich | T1426 | one out of three enzyme to digest tissue |
| Tuberculin syringe | Covidien | 8881500105 | for delivering euthanasia solution by intraperitoneal injection |
| Vannas Spring Scissor, 2.5 mm Cutting Edge | Fine Science Tools | 15000-08 | |
| Volumetric flask, 1000 milliliter | |||
| Vortex | VWR | 945300 | |
| Water, sterile u ltrapure, R>18.18 megaOhms cm (e.g., filtered by a Millipore-Sigma water purification system) | Millipore-Sigma | CDUFBI001 |
References
- Liberman, M. C. Single-neuron labeling in the cat auditory nerve. Science. 216 (4551), 1239-1241 (1982).
- Goldberg, J. M. Afferent diversity and the organization of central vestibular pathways. Experimental Brain Research. 130 (3), 277-297 (2000).
- Kalluri, R., Xue, J., Eatock, R. A. Ion channels set spike timing regularity of mammalian vestibular afferent neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 104 (4), 2034-2051 (2010).
- Smith, C. E., Goldberg, J. M. A stochastic afterhyperpolarizaton model of repetitive activity in vestibular afferents. Biological Cybernetics. 54 (1), 41-51 (1986).
- Berglund, A. M., Ryugo, D. K. Hair cell innervation by spiral ganglion neurons in the mouse. The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 255 (4), 560-570 (1987).
- Jagger, D. J., Housley, G. D. Membrane properties of type II spiral ganglion neurones identified in a neonatal rat cochlear slice. Journal of Physiology. 552, 525-533 (2003).
- Reid, M. A., Flores-Otero, J., Davis, R. L. Firing patterns of type II spiral ganglion neurons in vitro). The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (3), 733-742 (2004).
- Lv, P., Wei, D., Yamoah, E. N. Kv7-type channel currents in spiral ganglion neurons: involvement in sensorineural hearing loss. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (45), 34699-34707 (2010).
- Mo, Z. L., Davis, R. L. Endogenous firing patterns of murine spiral ganglion neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 77 (3), 1294-1305 (1997).
- Almanza, A., Luis, E., Mercado, F., Vega, R., Soto, E. Molecular identity, ontogeny, and cAMP modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated current in vestibular ganglion neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 108 (8), 2264-2275 (2012).
- Horn, R., Marty, A. Muscarinic activation of ionic currents measured by a new whole-cell recording method. The Journal of General Physiology. 92 (2), 145-159 (1988).
- Grant, L., Yi, E., Goutman, J. D., Glowatzki, E. Postsynaptic recordings at afferent dendrites contacting cochlear inner hair cells: Monitoring multivesicular release at a ribbon synapse. Journal of Visualized Experiments. (48), e2442 (2010).
- Bronson, D., Kalluri, R. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors modulate HCN channel properties in vestibular ganglion neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience. 43 (6), 902-917 (2023).
- Hodgkin, A. L., Huxley, A. F. The components of membrane conductance in the giant axon of Loligo. The Journal of Physiology. 116 (4), 473-496 (1952).
- Chabbert, C., Chambard, J. M., Valmier, J., Sans, A., Desmadryl, G. Voltage-activated sodium currents in acutely isolated mouse vestibular ganglion 17eurons. Neuroreport. 8 (5), 1253-1256 (1997).
- Bean, B. P. The action potential in mammalian central neurons. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 8 (6), 451-465 (2007).
- Izhikevich, E. M. . Dynamical Systems in Neuroscience. , (2018).
- Chabbert, C., Chambard, J. M., Sans, A., Desmadryl, G. Three types of depolarization-activated potassium currents in acutely isolated mouse vestibular neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 85 (3), 1017-1026 (2001).
- Risner, J. R., Holt, J. R. Heterogeneous potassium conductances contribute to the diverse firing properties of postnatal mouse vestibular ganglion neurons. Journal of Neurophysiology. 96 (5), 2364-2376 (2006).
- Iwasaki, S., Chihara, Y., Komuta, Y., Ito, K., Sahara, Y. Low-voltage-activated potassium channels underlie the regulation of intrinsic firing properties of rat vestibular ganglion cells. Journal of Neurophysiology. 100 (4), 2192-2204 (2008).
- Cervantes, B., Vega, R., Limón, A., Soto, E. Identity, expression and functional role of the sodium-activated potassium current in vestibular ganglion afferent neurons. Neuroscience. 240, 163-175 (2013).
- Biel, M., Wahl-Schott, C., Michalakis, S., Zong, X. Hyperpolarization-activated cation channels: From genes to function. Physiological Reviews. 89 (3), 847-885 (2009).
- Davis, R. L., Crozier, R. A. Dynamic firing properties of type I spiral ganglion neurons. Cell and Tissue Research. 361 (1), 115-127 (2015).
- Reijntjes, D. O. J., Pyott, S. J. The afferent signaling complex: Regulation of type I spiral ganglion neuron responses in the auditory periphery. Hearing Research. 336, 1-16 (2016).
- Eatock, R. A., Christov, F. . Ionic Conductances of Vestibular Afferent Neurons: Shaping Head Motion Signals From the Inner Ear. , (2020).
- Kalluri, R. Similarities in the biophysical properties of spiral-ganglion and vestibular-ganglion neurons in neonatal rats. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 15, 710275 (2021).
- Armstrong, C. E., Roberts, W. M. Electrical properties of frog saccular hair cells: distortion by enzymatic dissociation. The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (8), 2962-2973 (1998).
- Rocha-Sanchez, S. M. S., et al. Developmental expression of Kcnq4 in vestibular neurons and neurosensory epithelia. Brain Research. 1139, 117-125 (2007).
- Meredith, F. L., Rennie, K. J. Zonal variations in K+ currents in vestibular crista calyx terminals. Journal of Neurophysiology. 113 (1), 264-276 (2015).
- Cai, H. Q., et al. Time-dependent activity of primary auditory neurons in the presence of neurotrophins and antibiotics. Hearing Research. 350, 122-132 (2017).
- Needham, K., Nayagam, B. A., Minter, R. L., O’Leary, S. J. Combined application of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 and its impact on spiral ganglion neuron firing properties and hyperpolarization-activated currents. Hearing Research. 291 (1-2), 1-14 (2012).
- Adamson, C. L., Reid, M. A., Davis, R. L. Opposite actions of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 on firing features and ion channel composition of murine spiral ganglion neurons. The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (4), 1385-1396 (2002).
- Zhou, Z., Liu, Q., Davis, R. L. Complex regulation of spiral ganglion neuron firing patterns by neurotrophin-3. The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (33), 7558-7566 (2005).
- Liu, X. -. P., et al. Sodium channel diversity in the vestibular ganglion: NaV1.5, NaV1.8, and tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents. Journal of Neurophysiology. 115 (5), 2536-2555 (2016).
