Summary

在革兰氏负性细菌中生成跨波子插入库,用于高通量测序

Published: July 07, 2020
doi:

Summary

我们描述了一种在Gram-阴性细菌中生成饱和变性突变库的方法,以及随后制备用于高通量测序的DNA安培库。例如,我们关注ESKAPE病原体 ,Acineto细菌鲍曼尼,但这个协议是适用于广泛的革兰阴性生物。

Abstract

转波子测序 (Tn-seq) 是一种强大的方法,结合了转生突变和大规模并行测序,以识别有助于各种环境条件下细菌健身的基因和通路。Tn-seq 应用范围很广,不仅能够检查生物体一级的基因型-表型关系,而且能够检查人口、社区和系统层面的基因型-表型关系。革兰氏阴性细菌与抗菌素耐药性表型高度相关,增加了抗生素治疗失败的事件。抗微生物药物耐药性被定义为细菌生长在存在否则致命的抗生素。”最后一线”抗菌共体素用于治疗革兰阴性细菌感染。然而,一些Gram阴性病原体, 包括阿辛 托菌鲍曼尼可以通过一系列分子机制产生共利素耐药性,其中一些病原体的特点是使用Tn-seq。此外,调节高利素耐药性的信号转导通路在Gram阴性细菌中有所不同。在这里,我们提出了一种在 A.baumannii中跨 生突变的高效方法,通过消除限制性酶、适配器连接和凝胶纯化,简化了饱和转子插入库和安培库结构的生成。本文描述的方法将使人们能够深入分析分子决定因素,当受到科利丁的挑战时,这些决定因素有助于 A. baumannii 的健身。该协议也适用于其他革兰阴性CSKAPE病原体,这些病原体主要与耐药医院获得的感染有关

Introduction

抗生素的发现无疑是20世纪影响最大的健康相关事件之一。抗生素不仅能快速解决严重的细菌感染问题,而且在现代医学中发挥着举足轻重的作用。大手术,移植和新生儿医学和化疗的进步,使病人容易受到威胁生命的感染,这些疗法将是不可能的抗生素1,1,2。然而,抗生素耐药性在人类病原体中的迅速发展和扩散,已显著降低所有临床上重要类抗生素的疗效。许多细菌感染,曾经很容易通过抗生素治疗清除,不再响应经典的治疗方案,对全球公共卫生构成严重威胁1。抗微生物药物耐药性(AMR)是细菌细胞生长在抗生素的致命浓度,无论治疗持续时间4,5。,5迫切需要了解调节 AMR 的分子和生化因素,这将有助于指导替代抗菌药物的发展。具体来说,ESKAPE病原体在临床环境中存在问题,并且与广泛的 AMR 相关。这些包括麦耳黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克勒布西拉阿西托菌包曼尼、Pseudomonas aeruginosa 和 Entero 细菌spp。虽然几个机制有助于在埃斯卡佩病原体的 AMR,后四种生物体是革兰阴性。

革氏阴性细菌组装一种决定性的外膜,保护它们免受不利的环境条件。外膜是限制有毒分子(如抗生素)进入细胞的渗透屏障。与其他生物膜不同,外膜是不对称的。外叶富含表面暴露的脂质糖,而内叶是磷脂6的混合物。脂质糖分子由嵌入在脂质双层7中的保守脂质的一种摩尔基锚定在外膜上大肠杆菌脂质A域是大多数革兰氏阴性细菌生长所需的,由九步酶通路合成,这是Gram阴,性生物6、7、8,7中最基本和最保守的通路之一

多霉素是阳离子抗菌肽,针对脂质 A 域的脂质糖,以扰乱外膜并裂解细胞。多霉素的正电荷残留物和带负电荷脂的磷酸盐组之间的静电相互作用会破坏细菌细胞膜,最终导致细胞死亡9,10,11,12,13。10,11,12,139科利丁(多霉素E)是用于治疗由多药耐药性革新的革新的病原体,如阿辛托菌Acinetobacter baumannii鲍曼尼14,15,16,15引起的感染的最后手段抗菌剂。1947年首次发现多霉素是由土壤细菌Paenibacillus聚米沙17、18、19,18,产生的。多霉素被规定治疗革兰阴性感染多年之前,他们的临床使用是有限的,由于报告严重的肾毒性和神经毒性20,21。20,

A.鲍曼尼是一种非同性革兰阴性病原体,在最近几十年中,它大大增加了患者发病和死亡率。曾经被视为低威胁病原体,现在对全世界医院获得的感染构成重大风险,因为它获得 AMR 的能力令人难以置信,而且感染的高风险为 23,24。,24A. 鲍曼尼在美国占非同体感染的10%以上。疾病表现为肺炎、细菌血症、尿路感染、皮肤和软组织感染、脑膜炎和心内膜炎25。由于对几乎所有抗生素类的耐药性,包括β-乳酸、氟基诺洛宁、四环素和氨基糖二,四类的耐药性,A.鲍曼尼感染的治疗方案已经减少。耐多药、广泛耐药和抗泛药的 A. baumannii分离物的流行已导致科利丁治疗的复苏,这被认为是为数不多的仍然有效对抗耐多药A. 鲍曼尼的治疗选择之一。然而,A.鲍曼尼分离,高利丁耐药性的增加进一步扩大了其对全球公共卫生10、11、12、13、27、30、31,11,27,30,的威胁12,13

高通量测序技术(如转波子测序(Tn-seq)的最新进展,为增进我们对体外和体内细菌健身的理解提供了重要工具。Tn-seq 是一个强大的工具,可用于研究细菌中的基因型-表型相互作用。Tn-seq广泛适用于细菌病原体,它结合了传统的转子突变和大规模平行测序,以快速绘制插入位点,可用于将DNA突变与全基因组尺度32、33、34、35,33,34上的表型变异联系起来。虽然转生突变方法之前已经描述过,但一般步骤是相似的33。首先,使用转生突变生成插入库,其中种群中的每个细菌细胞都限制在基因组DNA (gDNA) 中的单个转子插入。在突变之后,单个突变体被汇集在一起。gDNA从插入突变池中提取,转子结被放大并接受高通量测序。读取表示插入位点,可映射到基因组。减少健身的转生插入会迅速从种群中消失,同时有益插入被丰富。Tn-seq有助于促进我们对基因如何影响压力33中的细菌健身的理解。

在pJNW684中编码的Himar1水手转波系统是专门为转生突变的目的而构建和优化的。它包括一个水手家族转子侧翼的卡那霉素抗性基因,这是用于选择转子插入突变体在A.鲍曼尼。它还编码一个A.鲍曼尼特定的启动子,驱动转位编码基因36的表达。基于水手的转波子还包含两个转化终止器下游的卡那霉素抵抗基因,这防止读取下游插入37。pJNW684还带有RP4/oriT/oriR6K条件的复制起源,这需要由供体菌株贡献的μpir基因复制38。如果没有μpir 基因,,携带转位机械的pJNW684载体将无法在A.鲍曼尼接收菌株10、36、38,36中复制。因此,在细菌结合过程中,只有转子插入接收者基因组,而不插入携带转位基因的质粒的背景插入。这一点很重要,因为转位活性的丧失以及质粒导致单一、稳定的转位事件,防止转子在插入接收者基因组后移动到不同位置。

pJNW648也已被测试在另一个革兰阴性有机体,大肠杆菌的活动。在大肠杆菌株W3110中成功组装了饱和Tn-seq库,表明该系统适用于在包括肠杆菌在内的多种病原体中进行变异。 E. coli此外,驱动转置表达的A.baumannii特异性促进剂可以快速与物种特异性促进剂交换。最后,根据所研究的生物体的AMR表型,可以交换卡那霉素抗性基因作为其他抗性盒。

造成阿·鲍曼尼耐药一个因素是剂量不足,细菌在非致命性水平39时暴露于选择性压力。几份报告显示,亚抑制抗菌浓度可诱发调节反应,改变细胞生理,降低整个细菌种群的易感性11,12,30,31。11,12,30,31使用 Tn-seq,我们发现在接触抑制性10和副抑制性浓度后,在A. baumannii菌株 ATCC 17978 中调节高利素耐药性的因素。此示例详细介绍了一种 Tn-seq 方法,该方法使用基于水手的转置子40、41系列来简化饱和转子突变库mariner构建和浓缩。虽然几个 Tn-seq 协议生成 20,000 – 100,000 个突变体35、,42、,43444546,但此处描述的协议可以快速生成 400,000 + 突变体的转波子库,这大致相当于A. baumann ii10中每 10 个基对中每 10 个基对的转波子插入。此外,无需大量额外努力即可扩展库大小。该方法还消除了限制内结、适配器结扎和凝胶纯化的要求,从而减少了最终库的多样性。

Protocol

1. 细菌菌株制备 条纹”捐赠体”菌株(大肠杆菌 MFD DAP-/pJNW684, 材料表),用于Luria-Bertani加糖的孤立菌落,辅以600μM二米甲酸(DAP),100毫克/升的安霉素和25毫克/升的卡那霉素。在37°C下孵育过夜。 使用单个孤立的菌落,在 250 mL Erlenmeyer 烧瓶中接种 50 mL 的 Luria 肉汤 (LB),并辅以 600 μM DAP、100 毫克/升的安皮西林和 25 毫克/升的卡纳霉素,并贴上”捐赠者”的标签…

Representative Results

概述的方法描述了在A.鲍曼尼菌株 ATCC 17978 中通过使用大肠杆菌MFD DAP 通过细菌结合生成高密度转子库- 复制质粒 pJNW684 (图 4B).详细的协议使用双亲细菌结合转移pJNW684从大肠杆菌E. coli [皮尔]供体菌株到 A. 鲍曼尼接受者菌株。这是生成密集转子突变库的高效且廉价的方法。细菌以优化比率混合,在Luria-Bertani阿加盘上发现1小时(<stro…

Discussion

A. 鲍曼尼是一个新兴的威胁,全球公共卫生由于迅速获得 AMR 对”最后一线”治疗,如科利丁10,11,,12,,23,,24,,30,,31.,近几十年来,Tn-seq在阐明众多细菌物种的基因型-表型相互作用,以及扩大我们对?…

Disclosures

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

这项工作得到了国家卫生研究所(向J.M.B.授予AI146829号赠款)的资助,并表示感谢。

Materials

10 mM ddCTP, 2’,3’-Dideoxycytidine-5’-Triphosphate Affymetrix 77112
100 mM dCTP 2’-Deoxycytidine-5’-Triphosphate Invitrogen 10217-016
100bp DNA Ladder Molecular Weight Marker Promega PR-G2101
100mm x 15mm Petri Dishes Corning 351029
150mm x 15mm Petri Dishes Corning 351058
1X B&W N/A N/A Dilute 2X B&W by half to get 1X B&W.
2,6-Diaminopimelic acid Alfa Aesar B2239103 used at 600 µM
2X B&W N/A N/A Add 2 M NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) in water. Used with Streptavidin beads. Solutions keep at room temperature.
50mL Conical Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes Fisher Scientific 12-565-271
9.5 mM dCTP/0.5 mM ddCTP N/A N/A 9.5 ml 100 mM dCTP; 5 ml 10 mM ddCTP; 85.5 ml water. Store at -20°C.
AccuPrimeTM Pfx DNA Polymerase Invitrogen 12344
Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 17978 ATCC N/A AmpS, KanS
Ampicillin (100 mg/L) Fisher Scientific BP1760 used at 100 mg/L
AMPure XP PCR purification system BECKMAN COULTER A63881
BioAnalyzer Agilent G2939B
Bioanalyzer High Sensitivity DNA Analysis Agilent 5067-4626
Deoxynucleotide Solution Mix (dNTP) New England Biolabs (NEB) N0447L
DynaMag-2 Magnetic rack Invitrogen 12321D
E.coli MFD Dap- N/A N/A DAP Auxotroph, requires 600 mM exogenously added DAP to grow. Contains RP4 machinery for plasmid transfer. Carrier for JNW68 (36).
Ethanol Fisher Scientific A4094
Externally Threaded Cryogenic Vials Corning 09-761-71
Glass beads Corning 72684
Glycerol Fisher Scientific G33
Inoculating loops Fisher Scientific 22-363-602 Scraping tool
Kanamycin Fisher Scientific BP906 used at 25 mg/L
LB agar, Miller Fisher Scientific BP1425
LB broth, Miller Fisher Scientific BP1426
LoTE N/A N/A Add 3 mM Tris-HCl, 0.2 mM EDTA (pH 7.5) in water. Used with Streptavidin beads. Solutions keep at room temperature.
Lysis buffer N/A N/A 9.34 mL TE buffer; 600 ml of 10% SDS; 60 ml of proteinase K (20 mg/mL)
Phenol/Chloroform/Isoamyl Alcohol (25:24:1 Mixture, pH 6.7/8.0, Liq.) Fisher Scientific BP1752I
Phosphate Buffered Saline, 10X Solution Fisher Scientific BP39920 Diluted to 1X
Qubit 4 Fluorometer Thermo Fisher Q33238
Qubit Assay Tubes Thermo Fisher Q32856
Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit Thermo Fisher Q32851
Sonicator with refridgerated waterbath Qsonica Sonicators Q2000FCE
Streptavidin Magnetic Beads New England Biolabs (NEB) S1420S
TE buffer N/A N/A 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0); 1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0)
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase (rTdt) Promega PR-M1875

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Kazi, M. I., Schargel, R. D., Boll, J. M. Generating Transposon Insertion Libraries in Gram-Negative Bacteria for High-Throughput Sequencing. J. Vis. Exp. (161), e61612, doi:10.3791/61612 (2020).

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